僀僗儔僄儖偵偍偗傞僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉偍傛傃儈僘儔僸乕儉尋媶偼儀儞丒僣償傿尋媶強乮惓幃柤徧丂儎僪丒僀僣僴僋丒儀儞丒僣償傿乮儀儞丒僣償傿婰擮娰乯偑拞怱偵側偭偰偄傞丅偙偺尋媶強偼儀儞丒僣償傿丒僀僗儔僄儖戞擇戙戝摑椞乮1884亅1963擭丄嵼怑1952亅63擭乯傪婰擮偟偰杤屻丄帺戭傪婰擮娰偵夵憰偟偰愝棫偝傟偨丅尋媶晹栧偲偟偰丄僄儗僣丒僀僗儔僄儖尋媶丄僆儕僄儞僩宯儐僟儎恖彅僐儏僯僥傿尋媶丄僄儖僒儗儉尋媶偑偁傞丅杮曬崘偱偼偙偺尋媶強偺妶摦傪拞怱偵弎傋傞丅
儀儞丒僣償傿婰擮娰偺僆儕僄儞僩宯儐僟儎恖偺尋媶晹栧偼丄乽搶梞偵偍偗傞僀僗儔僄儖彅僐儈儏僯僥傿尋媶偵娭偡傞儀儞丒僣償傿尋媶強(Makhon Ben-Zvi le-heker qehilot Yisrael ba-Mizrah: The Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of the Jewish communities in the East)乿偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅偙偺応崌偺僆儕僄儞僩丄偮傑傝乽搶梞乿偺斖埻偼儅僌儗僽傪娷傓傾儔僽悽奅丄僶儖僇儞丄僩儖僐丄僀儔儞丄傾僼僈僯僗僞儞丄拞墰傾僕傾偍傛傃僇僼僇乕僗乮僽僴儔偍傛傃僌儖僕傾乯丄撿傾僕傾乮儀僱丒僀僗儔僄儖乯丄拞崙乮奐晻乯丄僄僠僆僺傾乮僼傽儔乕僔儍丄僼傽儔乕僔儍丒儌儗乯丅婎杮揑偵偼偐偮偰偺僀僗儔乕儉悽奅慡懱丅偟偨偑偭偰丄傾儞僟儖僗乮僀僗儔乕儉婜僀儀儕傾敿搰乯傕娷傫偱偄傞丅
尋媶強偼嶨帍亀儁傾儈乕儉亁傪姧峴偟偰偄傞丅摨帍偼1979擭偵姧峴奐巒丄擭擇夞敪峴偟偰愜丄枅夞摿廤傪慻傫偱偄傞丅撪梕偼屻弎偺傛偆偵楌巎丒暥壔堦斒偱偁傞丅嶨帍姧峴偺攚宨偵偼丄1977擭偺儕僋乕僪惌尃惉棫偵徾挜偝傟傞丄僀僗儔僄儖偵偍偗傞乽僄僗僯僢僋丒儕償傽僀償傽儖尰徾乿偑偁偭偨丅
壗傛傝傕傑偢丄杮曬崘偱巊梡偝傟傞梡岅傪娙扨偵愢柧偟偰偍偒偨偄丅僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉偲偼暥帤捠傝偵偼僗儁僀儞宯儐僟儎恖偱偁傞丅偟偐偟丄僀僗儔僄儖幮夛偺暥柆偱偼僗僼傽儔僨傿乕丒僞儂乕儖丄偮傑傝丄乽弮悎側僗僼傽儔僨傿乕乿乮乽僒儊僪丒僩償乿側偳偲摢暥帤偱屇偽傟傞偙偲傕偁傞乯偲偄傢備傞乽僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉乿傪嬫暿偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅屻幰偼尰嵼偺僀僗儔僄儖幮夛偺暥柆偱偼乽旕傾僔儏働僫僕乕儉乿偺堄枴偱巊梡偝傟丄岞幃偺摑寁偱偼乽傾僕傾丒傾僼儕僇戝棨弌恎幰乿偲偄偆僇僥僑儕乕偵側傞丅
僗僼傽儔僨傿乕丒僞儂乕儖偼堦斒揑偵偼僄儕乕僩庡媊揑側摿尃廤抍偲偄偆僀儊乕僕偑嫮偄丅椺偊偽丄僀僣僴僋丒僫償僅儞戞5戙戝摑椞(1978亅83擭)側偳偵戙昞偝傟傞傛偆偵丄僔僆僯僘儉摓棃埲慜偺僷儗僗僠僫偺儐僟儎恖幮夛偱偼偐傟傜偑僿僎儌僯乕傪埇偭偰偄偨丅尰戙僿僽儔僀岅偲偟偰乽僗僼傽儔乕僪乿乽僗僼傽儔僨傿乕乿偼乽僗儁僀儞乿乽僗儁僀儞恖乮岅乯偺乿偺堄枴偲偟偰巊傢傟傞丅
僆儕僄儞僩宯彅僐儈儏僯僥傿乮傾僪乕僩丒僴丒儈僘儔僴乫Adot ha-Mizrah乯偼19悽婭埲棃偺梡岅朄偱丄乽僆儕僄儞僩偺儐僟儎嫵搆乿Yahudei ha-Mizrah (the Jews of the East)偲偄偆昞尰偱傕巊梡偝傟傞丅偙偺応崌偺乽儈僘儔僴乿偼僀僗儔乕儉悽奅丄偲傝傢偗丄儌儘僢僐傗僀僄儊儞偐傜偺僷儗僗僠僫傊偺堏柉偵巊梡偝傟傞応崌偑懡偄丅偟偨偑偭偰丄儈僘儔僴傪傪乽搶梞乿偲栿偟偰偟傑偆偲丄傢偑崙偱偼搶傾僕傾傑偱娷傓奣擮偲偟偰岆夝傪彽偔応崌偑偁傞丅儈僘儔僸乕儉偼僀僗儔僄儖寶崙屻偵偍偗傞僀僗儔僄儖幮夛偱偺梡岅朄偱丄拞搶僀僗儔乕儉悽奅側偳僆儕僄儞僩弌恎偺儐僟儎恖偵懳偟偰儊僨傿傾側偳偱昿斏偵巊梡偝傟偰偄傞丅搶墷宯儐僟儎恖傪堄枴偡傞Ostjuden偲崿摨偝傟傞偙偲偑懡偐偭偨丅偲傝傢偗丄儈僘儔僸乕塣摦傗儈僘儔僸乕嬧峴側偳丄尰嵼偺崙壠廆嫵搣乮儅僼僟儖乯偵楢側傞廆嫵僔僆僯僘儉塣摦偲偺娭楢偱崿棎偑惗偠偨丅
僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉偲儈僘儔僸乕儉偑崿摨偝傟偰丄慜弎偺傛偆偵乽僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉亖旕傾僔儏働僫僕乕儉亖傾僕傾丒傾僼儕僇戝棨弌恎偺儐僟儎恖乿偺堄枴偵側傞偺偼丄傓偟傠僆僗儅儞挬丄僀僊儕僗埾擟摑帯婜丄僀僗儔僄儖婜偵偍偗傞儐僟儎嫵偵娭偡傞廆嫵峴惌偵婲場偡傞丅偲偄偆偺傕丄1.僆僗儅儞挬偵偍偄偰岞擣偝傟偨儐僟儎嫵搆儈僢儗僩偼僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉偺傒偱丄偦偺戙昞幰偼僷儗僗僠僫偱偼揱摑揑偵僿僽儔僀岅偱乽儕僔儑乕儞丒儗丒僣傿儓乕儞乮僔僆儞偺戞堦恖幰乯乿偲屇傃乮尰嵼傑偱乯丄僀僗僞儞僽儖偺廆嫵峴惌偺僩僢僾偼僩儖僐岅偱乽僴僴儉丒僶僔儏乮尗幰偺挿乯乿偲屇偽傟偨偐傜偱偁傞丅2.埾擟摑帯婜僷儗僗僠僫乮1922亅1948擭乯偑僀僊儕僗偺摑帯壓偵擖傞偲丄儕僔儑乕儞丒儗丒僣傿儓乕儞亖僗僼傽儔僨傿乕庡惾儔價偲偲傕偵丄傾僔儏働僫僕乕庡惾儔價偑怴愝偝傟偨丅偦偺偨傔偵丄儐僟儎嫵搆偼偄偢傟偐偺庡惾儔價偺娗妽壓偵擖偭偨丅偦偺偨傔偵丄傾僔儏働僫僕乕儉偲僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉偲偄偆擇暘朄偑惉棫偡傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅3.僀僗儔僄儖婜乮1948擭亅尰嵼乯傕婎杮揑偵偼埾擟摑帯婜偲摨條丅偨偩偟丄僗僼傽儔僨傿乕宯儔價偺塭嬁椡偼偐偮偰偺僀僗儔乕儉悽奅偵偍偄偰偼愨戝偱偁偭偨丅僗僼傽儔僨傿乕宯偺揟楃傗廆嫵姷峴偑儈僘儔僸乕儉偺娫偱峴側傢傟丄儕僗億儞僒乮廆嫵揑夝庍偺栤摎乯傪捠偠偰峀偑偭偨偺偱偁傞丅
師偵儁傾儈乕儉偺摿廤偺奣棯傪弎傋傞丅儐僟儎柉懓巎偵偍偗傞暘悈椾偺嶰偮偺斶寑揑戝帠審丗1.戞擇恄揳偺曵夡丄3.僗儁僀儞捛曻乮僎儖乕僔儏乯丄3.僔儑傾乕乮儂儘僐乕僗僩乯偑儐僟儎柉懓巎偵偍偗傞夁嫀偺弌棃帠偲偟偰婰擮崋偵側傞丅椺偊偽丄僎儖乕僔儏乮僗儁僀儞偐傜偺捛曻乯偁傞偄偼傾儞僟儖僗偺儐僟儎嫵搆偵偮偄偰偱偁傞丅1992擭偵僗儁僀儞捛曻俆侽侽廃擭傪婡偵5夞偵傢偨偭偰摿廤乮46丒47崌暪崋偐傜51崋傑偱乯偑慻傑傟丄傑偨乽僗儁僀儞偐傜偺儐僟儎恖捛曻屲昐廃擭(500 shana le-gerush ha-yehudim mi-Sefarad)乿傕摨條偱偁偭偨丅偝傜偵丄1996擭偵億儖僩僈儖偐傜偺捛曻屲昐廃擭婰擮偱偺摿廤偱暥壔巎偵廳揰傪抲偒丄僀儀儕傾敿搰偺夵廆儐僟儎恖(anus)偺楌巎丄僀儀儕傾敿搰偺儐僟儎暥壔丗僀僃僼僟乕丒僴儗償傿乕乮1080亅1140擭乯丄儅僀儌僯僨僗丄僔儍僽僞僀丒僣償傿(1626-76擭)偺儊僔傾塣摦丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偺僗僼傽儔僨傿乕丒僐儈儏僯僥傿偺楌巎偲暥壔偑庢傝忋偘傜傟傞丅
僔儑傾乕乮儂儘僐乕僗僩乯摿廤傕尒摝偣側偄丅1.乽僔儑傾乕婜偵偍偗傞僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉媦傃僆儕僄儞僩宯儐僟儎恖(Yahadut Sefarad ve ha-Mizrah be-tequfat ha-Sho乫a)乿乮戞擇師悽奅戝愴廔椆50廃擭傪婰擮偟偰1986擭偐傜3夞偵傢偨偭偰摿廤乯丄2.乽僫僠愯椞偍傛傃愨柵嶌愴偺壓偱乿乮27崋乯乮僊儕僔傾丄儐乕僑僗儔價傾丄僋儕儈傾敿搰丄僇僼僇乕僗丄僽儖僈儕傾側偳偺帠椺乯丄3.乽僀僞儕傾巟攝偍傛傃償傿僔乕惌尃偺僼儔儞僗巟攝偺壓偱乿乮28崋乯乮僀僞儕傾愯椞壓偺儕價傾偲僄僠僆僺傾丄暓巟攝壓偺儅僌儗僽丄僔儕傾丒儗僶僲儞側偳偺帠椺乯丄4.乽儉僗儕儉彅崙偱乿乮29崋乯乮僫僠僗偺塭嬁傪庴偗偨僩儖僐丄僀儔儞丄傾僼僈僯僗僞儞C儔僋偺帠椺乯側偳偑偁傞丅堦斒揑側孹岦偲偟偰偺儐僟儎恖敆奞巎娤偑巟攝揑偱偁傞丅
傕偆堦偮偺戝偒側摿廤偲偟偰僨傿傾僗億儔偲僄儗僣丒僀僗儔僄儖傊偺傾儕儎乕乮堏柉乯偑偁傞丅1.乽僀僄儊儞宯儐僟儎恖堏柉昐廃擭(me乫a shana le-乪aliyat 4242 me-Taymen)乿乮1981擭丄10崋乯佀戞堦攇傾儕儎乕偲摨帪婜偺僀僄儊儞偐傜偺堏柉偺乽嵞敪尒乿丄2.僄儖僒儗儉弰楃(乪aliya la-regel)偲惞抧偱偺掕廧乮儅僌儗僽宯丄僌儖僕傾宯丄儁儖僔傾宯丄僽僴儔宯C僄儊儞宯側偳丄3.僀僗儔乕儉悽奅偁傞偄偼僆僗儅儞掗崙撪偵偍偗傞堏摦偲僱僢僩儚乕僋丄4.僀僗儔僄儖寶崙屻偺戝婯柾側堏柉丄側偳偑偁傞丅
戞嶰偵丄斀僙儈僥傿僘儉偲僔僆僯僘儉偺摿廤偑偁傝丄乽僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉媦傃儈僘儔僸乕儉偼僔僆僯僘儉偺敪揥偵愊嬌揑偵偼婑梌偟側偐偭偨丅側偤側傜丄楌巎揑偵偼拞搶僀僗儔乕儉悽奅偵偼斀儐僟儎庡媊偑側偐偭偨偐傜偱偁傞乿偲偄偆峀偔抦傜傟偨尵愢偵懳偡傞媈栤偑慜採偵側偭偰偄傞丅乽僀僗儔乕儉偵偍偗傞旕儉僗儕儉偺忬懺偼斾妑揑椙岲偱偁偭偨偑丄偟偐偟偁偔傑偱憡懳揑側傕偺偵偡偓側偐偭偨乿(S. D. Goitein, Jews and Arabs: their Contacts through the Ages, N.Y.: Shoken, 1955, p.xii)偲偄偆巜揈傕偁傞丅嬶懱揑偵偼丄乽僆僗儅儞掗崙偍傛傃偦偺廃曈抧堟偵偍偗傞僔僆僯僘儉偺抂弿乿乮40崋乯丄乽僀僗儔乕儉悽奅偵偍偗傞嫮惂揑夵廆偲塀傟儐僟儎嫵搆乿乮42崋乯偲偄偆丄僀儔儞偺儅僔儏僴僪偵偍偗傞儐僟儎嫵搆偺戝婯柾側夵廆乮1839擭4寧乯偺150廃擭婰擮摿廤偑偁傞丅
嵟屻偵丄嵟嬤偺尋媶摦岦偵偮偄偰怗傟傞偲丄1.僨傿傾僗億儔偺抧偵偍偗傞僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉偺屄暿尋媶偺恑揥丗撿杒傾儊儕僇丄傾儉僗僥儖僟儉丄僀僗僞儞僽儖丄僀僘儈儖丄僒儘僯僇乮僥僢僒儘僯僉乯丄偦偟偰傾儗僢億側偳丅2.傾儔僽彅崙偵偍偗傞儐僟儎恖偺屄暿尋媶偺恑揥偑擣傔傜傟丄儌儘僢僐丄僠儏僯僕傾丄儕價傾丄僄僕僾僩丄僔儕傾丄僀儔僋丄僀僄儊儞側偳偑拲栚偝傟偰偄傞丅偲傝傢偗丄僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉偲旕僗僼傽儔僨傿乕儉偺娭學偑扵媮偝傟偰偄傞丅儐僟儎恖偑偐偮偰嫃廧偟偨応強偺抧堟惈丄偮傑傝儌儘僢僐丄僀僄儊儞丄僀儔僋側偳偺偦傟偧傟偺抧堟偺暥柆偱儐僟儎恖傪懆偊側偍偡嶌嬈偺堦娐偲峫偊傜傟傞丅
