僕儍僷儞捠怣幮亀奀奜峫屆妛帠忣乕僼傿儕僺儞乕亁尨峞丂彫愳塸暥
搰涀晹搶撿傾僕傾偵偁偭偰丄僼傿儕僺儞偺愭巎暥壔偼撈摿側條憡傪帩偭偰敪揥偟偰偒偨丅偐偮偰儌儞僑儘僀僪偺堏摦宱楬偵偁偨傝丄戝棨晹偐傜偝傑偞傑側暥壔梫慺偑僼傿儕僺儞偵棳擖偟丄撿懢暯梞抧堟傊捠傝敳偗偰峴偭偨丅偦偺屻丄拞崙偲僀儞僪偺擇戝暥柧偺嫹娫偱偝傑偞傑側岎棳偺嵀愓傪帵偡帒椏偑摼傜傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟丄僼傿儕僺儞偱偼搶撿傾僕傾偺懠偺抧堟偺傛偆偵丄偙傟傜擇戝暥柧偺塭嬁傪怓擹偔巆偟偰偄側偄揰偑戝偒側摿挜偲側偭偰偄傞丅
丂搶撿傾僕傾奺抧堟偲偺暥壔揑塭嬁娭學偵偮偄偰偺尋媶偑側偝傟偰偄傞堦曽偱丄嬤擭丄屄乆偺抧堟暥壔偺敪揥偺條憡傪恖椶妛揑帇揰偵傛偭偰尋媶偟傛偆偲偄偆怴偨側曽岦惈傕懪偪弌偝傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄僼傿儕僺儞偵偍偗傞峫屆妛揑帒椏偼枹偩旕忢偵晄懌偟偰偄傞偲偄偆偺偑尰忬偱偁傞丅埲壓偱偼嵟嬤偺僼傿儕僺儞偵偍偗傞俁偮偺峫屆妛揑挷嵏偵偮偄偰徯夘偡傞丅
丂
I. 儔儘奓捤偺敪孈
丂僼傿儕僺儞偵偍偄偰峫屆妛挷嵏傪摑妵偡傞崙棫攷暔娰恖椶妛晹栧偼丄俈侽擭戙屻敿偐傜丄儖僜儞搰杒搶晹僇僈儎儞壨搶娸偺儁僯傾僽儔儞僇抧嬫堦懷偵峀偑傞愇奃娾戜抧偵偍偗傞摯寠丒娾堿丒奐抧堚愓偺憤崌揑挷嵏僾儘僕僃僋僩傪奐巒偟偨丅偦偺屻丄尰嵼傑偱宲懕偝傟偨挷嵏偵傛偭偰丄攳曅愇婍暥壔偲搚婍偺弌尰偲偺娭學傗條乆側僶儕僄乕僔儑儞傪帩偮曟惂摍丄摉奩抧堟偺愭巎暥壔偺條憡偑傛傝慛柧偵側偭偰偒偨乮Ronquillo and Santiago 1977, Ronquillo 1980乯丅偙偆偟偨僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偵傛傞挷嵏偺曽岦惈偵屇墳偟偰丄奜恖尋媶幰偵傛傞挷嵏傕摉奩抧堟偱妶敪偵峴側傢傟偰偒偨乮Thiel 1980, 1989, 1990, Snow and Shutler 1985乯丅
丂僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偲擔杮恖尋媶幰偲偺嫟摨挷嵏傕摨條偵丄僇僈儎儞壨偺壓棳堟偵暘晍偡傞儔儘奓捤孮偱峴側傢傟偰偄傞丅俉侽擭戙屻敿偐傜偼暘晍挷嵏偺寢壥傪傕偲偵偟偰敪孈挷嵏偑懕偗傜傟偰偄傞乮惵桍 1977,1979, Aoyagi 1983, 惵桍丒揷拞 1985, 惵桍丒Aguilera丒彫愳丒揷拞 1986,1988, 1989, 1991, Cabanilla 1972, Ogawa
and Aguilera 1992, Orogo 1980乯丅偙偺挷嵏偺栚揑偼丄丒奓捤偺憌埵妛揑敪孈偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨帒椏傪傕偲偵丄偙偺抧堟偺宆幃妛揑曇擭懱宯傪妋棫偟丄廃曈抧堟偵偍偗傞彅暥壔偲偺斾妑尋媶偺婎慴偲偡傞偙偲丄丒奓捤偐傜摼傜傟偨恖岺丒帺慠堚暔帒椏傪婎偵丄壨愳偵偍偗傞帒尮奐敪偺惗嬈僷僞乕儞傪夝柧偡傞偙偲丄丒偝傜偵彨棃揑偵偼丄挷嵏懳徾抧堟傪僇僈儎儞壨壓棳堟慡懱傊偲彊乆偵峀偘側偑傜丄偝傑偞傑側旝彫娐嫬偵埵抲偡傞堚愓偺峫屆妛揑帒椏傪廂廤偟丄惗嬈僷僞乕儞偵偮偄偰偺忣曬傪拁愊偡傞偙偲丄丒嵟廔揑偵丄擾峩奐巒埲崀偺摉奩抧堟偵偍偗傞暥壔恑壔偺堦斒揑僾儘僙僗傪夝柧偡傞偙偲丄偱偁傞丅擾峩奐巒埲崀丄偙偺抧堟偵偍偗傞愭巎暥壔偺條憡偼旕忢偵暋嶨偱偁傞丅擾峩柉偑掅抧偱惗寁傪塩傓堦曽偱丄嶳抧偱偼擾峩埲慜偺惗嬈宍懺偱偁傞嵦廤丒庪椔傪塩傓恖乆偑摨帪戙揑偵惗妶偟偰偍傝丄偟偐傕椉幰偼宱嵪揑側憡屳岎棳傪偲偆偟偰偁傞庬偺乽嫟惗娭學乿傪妋棫偟偰偄偨偲偄偆壜擻惈傪丄尰嵼偺帠椺偐傜梊憐偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞乮杒晹儖僜儞搰嵦廤丒庪椔柉僱僌儕乕僩偺帠椺丗Peterson and Peterson 1977, Griffin and Griffin 1985, Rambo et. al.
1988, Headland and Reid 1989乯丅偙偺傛偆側栤戣揰傪夝寛偡傞偨傔偵偼丄挷嵏偱摼傜傟偨堚暔丒堚愓丒堚愓孮偺彉楍傪丄奺帪戙偛偲偵惓偟偔攝抲偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅儔儘奓捤孮偺挷嵏偼偦偺戞堦曕偲偟偰埵抲偯偗傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅丂
堚愓暘晍偲偦偺惈奿
丂僇僈儎儞壨偼丄儖僜儞搰杒搶晹傪撿杒栺俁侽侽倠倣偵傢偨偭偰棳傟丄僶僽儎儞奀嫭偵拲偖丄僼傿儕僺儞桳悢偺壨愳偱偁傞丅偙偺壨偵傛偭偰偮偔傝偩偝傟偨僇僈儎儞宬扟偼丄搶傪僔僄儔丒儅僪儗丄惣傪僐儖僨傿儕僄儔丄撿傪僇儔僶儕僆偺奺嶳柆偵埻傑傟偰偄傞丅儔儘奓捤孮偼丄僇僈儎儞壨偺壓棳堟偵揰嵼偡傞丅壨岥偵偼傾僷儕偺峘偑偁傝丄侾俇悽婭偵偼擔杮恖挰偺偁偭偨撿僔僫奀偺廳梫側岎堈嫆揰偱偁偭偨丅奓捤孮偼壨岥偐傜侾侽倠倣慿偭偨抧揰偐傜巒傑傝丄俆侽倠倣抧揰傑偱偺娫偺僇僈儎儞壨椉娸偵暘晍偟偰偄傞乮恾俀乯丅尰嵼傑偱偵妋擣偝傟偰偄傞奓捤偼俀侾儠強偱丄偦偺婯柾偼丄挿偝俆侽侽倣丄暆俆侽倣丄怺偝俀倣埲忋偺戝婯柾側傕偺偲丄捈宎侾侽倣慜屻偺彫婯柾偺傕偺傑偱偝傑偞傑偱偁傞丅奓捤偺棫抧忦審偵偟偨偑偭偰偦偺暘晍僷僞乕儞傪埲壓偺俁偮偵暘椶偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偱偁傞丅
侾乯撪棨掅抧丗壨娸偐傜栺侾倠倣丄昗崅俁乣係倣偺掅幖抧偵埵抲偡傞奓捤孮偑尰嵼傑偱偵俁儠強妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅廃埻傪悈揷偵埻傑傟偰偄傞偑丄愇奃娾戜抧偑偡偖嬤偔傑偱敆偭偰偄傞丅堚愓斖埻偼宎栺俆侽倣丄堜屗偺抐柺娤嶡偐傜怺搙偼俀乣係倣偱偁傞丅奓偺懠丄摦暔崪側偳偺帺慠堚暔偼専弌偝傟偰偄傞偑丄恖岺堚暔偼侾儠強偺奓捤偐傜侾揰偺攳曅愇婍偑妋擣偝傟偰偄傞偩偗偱偁傞丅敪孈挷嵏偑峴側傢傟偰偄側偄偺偱擭戙偵偮偄偰偼悇應偺堟傪弌側偄偑丄搚婍弌尰埲慜偵奓捤偑宍惉偝傟丄偦偺屻僇僈儎儞壨偺壂愊嶌梡偱杽杤偟偨傕偲峫偊傜傟傞乮摉奩抧堟偺搚婍弌尰偵娭偡傞帒椏偲偟偰偼丄慜弎偺儁僯傾僽儔儞僇抧嬫丄儘乕儗儞僥摯寠偐傜俛俹俈侽侽侽擭偺俠侾係擭戙偑摼傜傟偰偄傞乯丅
俀乯壨娸偺帺慠掔杊忋丗僇僈儎儞壨偵柺偟偨昗崅栺俇乣俈倣丄壨柺斾崅枮挭帪偱俁倣乮姳枮偺嵎侾.俆倣乯偺帺慠掔杊忋偵埵抲偡傞奓捤孮丅偦偺婯柾偼偄偢傟傕戝偒偔丄嵟戝偺傕偺偱挿偝俆侽侽倣丄暆俆侽倣丄怺搙俀倣偵傕媦傇丅偙偺傛偆側戝婯柾奓捤偼俆儠強妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵偦偺撪俁儠強偺堚愓偱偼尰嵼偱傕奓偺嵦廤偑峴側傢傟偰偍傝丄奓捤偺宍惉偑懕偗傜傟傞丅堚愓傪宍惉偟偰偄傞奓庬偲尰嵼嵦廤偝傟偰偄傞奓庬偲偼傎傏摨偠偱偁傞丅堚暔偼岤庤偺崟怓搚婍傪拞怱偲偟偰丄拞崙摡帴曅丄杹惢愇晙曅偑専弌偝傟偰偄傞丅奓埲奜偺帺慠堚暔偵偼棨惐摦暔丒嫑崪偑懡庬偵傢偨偭偰専弌偝傟偰偄傞丅擭戙偵娭偟偰偼敪孈挷嵏偵傛傝亅俇侽們倣怺搙偱俛俹侾侽侽侽擭偺俠侾係擭戙偑侾揰摼傜傟偰偄傞丅
俁乯愇奃娾戜抧忋丗僇僈儎儞壨偵柺偟偨昗崅栺係侽乣俆侽倣偺愇奃娾戜抧忋偵埵抲偡傞丅敪孈挷嵏偑峴側傢傟偨儅僈僺僢僩奓捤偼丄戜抧忋媢椝埰晹偵埵抲偟丄偦偺婯柾偼宎侾侽倣丄怺搙俆.俆倣偱偁傞丅堚暔偼捑慄丒巋撍暥傪傕偮愒怓杹尋搚婍傪拞怱偲偟偰丄桳抜愇晙丄搚惢丒崪惢憰忺昳丄棨惐摦暔丒嫑崪摍偑摼傜傟偰偄傞丅儅僈僺僢僩奓捤偺擭戙偼丄亅侾倣媦傃亅俀倣丄俀揰偺俠侾係擭戙偑摼傜傟偰偍傝丄偄偢傟傕俛俹俁侽侽侽擭偲側偭偰偄傞丅
丂埲忋偺奓捤傪庡懱揑偵宍惉偡傞奓庬偼丄偄偢傟傕尰抧柤偱僇價價乮Dallela.sp.乯偲屇偽傟傞婦悈嶻擇枃奓偱偁傞丅奓庬偼偙偺懠偵婦悈嶻擇枃奓俀庬丄扺悈嶻姫奓侾庬丄棨嶻姫奓係庬偑尒傜傟傞丅傑偨奓憌偺忬懺偼傎偲傫偳搚傪娷傑側偄弮奓憌偱偁傞乮敪孈帒椏偱偼崿搚棪俋侽亾埲忋乯丅
堚暔偺曇擭偲廃曈抧堟偲偺娭學
丂儔儘奓捤孮偺拞偱尰嵼傑偱偵敪孈偝傟偨奓捤偼俁儠強偱偁傞乮壨娸帺慠掔杊忋俀儠強丄愇奃娾戜抧忋侾儠強乯丅帺慠掔杊忋偺奓捤偐傜摿挜揑偵弌搚偡傞崟怓搚婍偼丄僼傿儕僺儞偺懠抧堟偺傕偺偲斾妑偡傞偲丄嬥懏婍帪戙乮俛俹俀侽侽侽擭埲崀乯偵懏偡傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞偑丄敪孈偐傜偼廫暘側帒椏偑摼傜傟偰偄側偄丅愇奃娾戜抧忋偺儅僈僺僢僩堚愓偱偼丄怺搙俆.俆倣偺奓憌偑帇妎揑偵俆憌偵暘偗傜傟偨偨傔丄奺憌偐傜弌搚偟偨愒怓杹尋搚婍傪拞怱偲偡傞搚婍孮傪宆幃妛揑偵暘椶偡傞嶌嬈傪峴側偭偨偑丄尰嵼傑偱偵帪婜傪堎偵偡傞暋悢偺搚婍宆幃偼拪弌偝傟偰偄側偄丅
丂儅僈僺僢僩堚愓偺堚暔孮偼偙偺堚愓偑宍惉偝傟偨俛俹俁侽侽侽擭崰丄廃曈抧堟偮傑傝撿僔僫奀増娸傗懢暯梞抧堟偵偍偗傞摨帪婜偺愭巎彅暥壔偲偺偝傑偞傑側椶墢娭學傪帵嵈偟偰偄傞丅僶僔乕奀嫭傪妘偰偨戜榩偱偼丄杒晹偺墌嶳暥壔丄撿晹偺朠旲摢戞擇婜偺搚婍偺巤暥梫慺丒暥條峔惉偵椶帡揰偑尒傜傟傞乮Chang 1969:Plate84媦傃Fig.53乯丅傑偨搶撿晹偺斱撿堚愓偱偼愇惢寛忬帹忺傝偺椶昳偑弌搚偟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵儅僈僺僢僩堚愓昞嵦偺愇惢桳妏寛忬帹忺傝傕椶昳偑斱撿堚愓偵偁傞乮憊1987丗恾7:10乯丅僼傿儕僺儞丄僷儔儚儞搰偺僞儃儞摯寠孮偱偼僼僅僢僋僗偑僞儃儞酨娀暋崌偲屇傫偩帪婜偵憡摉偡傞偑乮Fox 1970乯丄暥條峔惉摍偱搚婍孮偺惈奿偑堎側偭偰偄傞丅偟偐偟偙偙偐傜偼僇僈儎儞偺儁僯傾僽儔儞僇摯寠孮傾儖僋摯寠弌搚偺桳妏昰忬帹忺傝丄戜榩棖涀嵦廤偺憃廱摢宍帹忺傝偺椶昳偑弌搚偟偰偍傝丄偙傟傜傪巜昗偲偡傞拞晹儀僩僫儉丄僒僼傿儞暥壔偲偺捈愙揑娭學傪尒傞偙偲偑偱偒傞乮Fox 1979, Solheim 1964,丂墶憅侾俋俉俈乯丅摨條偵僒僼傿儞暥壔偺搚婍孮偲偺椶帡傪巜揈偝傟偰偒偨拞晹僼傿儕僺儞偺儅僗僶僥搰偺僇儔僫僀暥壔偼帪婜揑偵偼傗傗怴偟偄乮俛俠係侽侽擭乯丅傓偟傠偙傟偵愭峴偡傞僶僩僁儞僈儞戞俀摯寠乮俛俠俈俆侽擭丄Solheim 1968:60乯偼帪婜揑偵傕丄搚婍偺巤暥梫慺丒暥條峔惉偵傕椶帡揰偑尒弌偩偣傞丅
丂拞晹儀僩僫儉偺僒僼傿儞暥壔偼寛忬帹忺傝偵尒傜傟傞偲偆傝丄撿僔僫奀偱寢偽傟偨彅抧堟偲偺捈愙揑娭學偑偆偐偑偊傞偑丄擭戙揑偵偼儅僈僺僢僩堚愓傛傝傕怴偟偄丅偟偐偟杒晹儀僩僫儉丄僩儞僉儞榩娸偺桳尐愇婍彅暥壔偐傜弌搚偡傞搚惢昰忬帹忺傝乮墶憅侾俋俉俈乯偼 儅僈僺僢僩堚愓偺搚惢寛忬帹忺傝偵椶帡偟偰偄傞丅
丂偝偰堦曽懢暯梞抧堟偲偺娭學偵偮偄偰偼丄儈僋儘僱僔傾偺儅儕傾僫愒怓搚婍媦傃儊儔僱僔傾丄億儕僱僔傾偺儔僺僞搚婍偲偺椶帡惈傪峫偊側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偙傟傜偺搚婍偲椶帡惈傪傕偮搚婍傪媮傔偰丄懡偔偺尋媶幰偑搶撿傾僕傾搰涀晹偱埲慜偐傜挷嵏傪峴側偭偰偒偨偲偄偆宱堒偑偁傞丅儅僈僺僢僩堚愓偺搚婍孮偲偼暥條峔惉偺偁傝曽摍偑堎側偭偰偄傞偑丄巤暥梫慺丒愒怓僗儕僢僾丒愇奃廩揢側偳偵懡偔偺椶帡揰偑尒傜傟傞丅
丂儅僈僺僢僩堚愓偺堚暔孮偲廃曈抧堟偺摨帪婜愭巎彅暥壔偲偺専摙傪峴側偭偨偑丄嵼抧怓傪怓擹偔斀塮偡傞搚婍偵偮偄偰偼丄捈愙揑側娭學傪巜揈偡傞偙偲偼崲擄偱偁傞丅傓偟傠帹忺傝偺傛偆側屄乆偺暥壔梫慺偵偮偄偰偺斾妑専摙偵偍偄偰丄椶墢娭學傪尒弌偩偡偙偲偑壜擻偱偁傞丅偟偐偟杮堚愓傪幉偲偟偰惣偺撿僔僫奀偐傜搶偺懢暯梞傑偱傪寢傇戝偒側僱僢僩儚乕僋偑偐偮偰懚嵼偟偰偄偨偙偲偼妋偐偱偁傠偆丅儔儘奓捤偺挷嵏偼傛偆傗偔弿偵偮偄偨偽偐傝偱偁傞丅偝傑偞傑側壽戣傪夝寛偡傋偔丄崱屻偺挷嵏傪懕偗偨偄丅
II. 奓晙暥壔寳
丂1988擭侾寧丄堦廡娫偵傢偨偭偰壂撽丄愭搰彅搰偺奓晙暥壔偵偮偄偰偺斾妑専摙偑丄壂撽偲僼傿儕僺儞偺尋媶幰偵傛偭偰峴側傢傟偨丅愭擭傛傝敪孈偑恑傔傜傟偰偄偨媨屆搰忛曈乮偖偡偔傋乯挰偺塝掙堚愓偐傜丄偦傟傑偱昞嵦偺傒偱偟偐妋擣偝傟偰偄側偐偭偨奓晙偑枹惢昳傕娷傔偰懡悢弌搚偟丄拲栚傪廤傔偰偄偨乮The Gusukube Town Board of Education 1990乯丅壂撽導暥壔壽偲忛曈挰偼偙傟傪婜偵丄奓晙偑弌搚偡傞僼傿儕僺儞偲偺嫟摨尋媶傪寁夋偟丄尋媶幰傪彽偄偰偺幚抧挷嵏偑幚尰偟偨丅愭搰彅搰偱偼埲慜偐傜丄僔儍僐奓偺挶斣偺晹暘傪慺嵽偲偟偰嶌傜傟偨晙偑昞嵦偝傟偰偄偨偑丄敪孈帒椏偑摼傜傟偰偍傜偢丄偦偺擭戙傗暥壔揑埵抲偯偗偵晄柧側揰偑懡偐偭偨丅偦偺偨傔偡偱偵1981擭丄愇奯搰偺柤憼奓捤偺挷嵏傪婜偵嵦廤昳傪傕偲偵偟偰丄搶撿傾僕傾搰涀晹媦傃撿懢暯梞抧堟偵尒傜傟傞奓晙暥壔偲偺崙嵺揑側専摙偑峴側傢傟偰偄傞乮壂撽導嫵堢埾堳夛侾俋俉侾乯丅崱夞偼塝掙堚愓偺挷嵏偱傛傝柧妋側埵抲偯偗偑壜擻偲側傝丄奓晙暥壔偺宯晥夝柧偺娭怱偑堦憌崅傑偭偰偒偨丅
丂堦曽丄僼傿儕僺儞偱偼俈侽擭戙弶摢偺挷嵏偱僷儔儚儞搰丄僗乕儖乕彅搰偐傜奓晙偑敪孈偝傟偰偄偨丅俠侾係擭戙偱俛俹俇侽侽侽乣係侽侽侽偺擭戙偑摼傜傟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺堚愓偺敪孈挷嵏偵実傢傝丄柤憼偱偺専摙夛偵傕嶲壛偟偨僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偺僄僶儞僎儕僗僞巵偑偙偺嫟摨尋媶偵嶲壛偟偨丅巵偼僼傿儕僺儞弌搚偺奓晙偺儗僾儕僇傪帩嶲偟丄塝掙偺傕偺偲斾妑偟偨偲偙傠丄慺嵽晹埵丄宍懺丄惢嶌媄弍忋偺椶帡揰傪尒弌偩偡偙偲偑偱偒偨丅偙偺嫟摨挷嵏偵傛偭偰丄奓晙暥壔夝柧偺傑側偞偟偼擬偔僼傿儕僺儞傊岦偗傜傟傞偙偲偲側偭偨丅
丂偦偺屻壂撽偲僼傿儕僺儞偺奓晙偐傜巒傑偭偨嫟摨尋媶偼宲懕偝傟丄俉俋擭偼塝掙堚愓丄俋侾擭偼埳惀柤奓捤乮壂撽導埳惀柤懞埳惀柤奓捤妛弍挷嵏抍侾俋俋俀乯丄俋俀擭偼僼傿儕僺儞丄僗乕儖乕彅搰僶儘儃僋娾堿堚愓偺挷嵏乮埨棦懠侾俋俋俁乯傊偲敪揥偟偰峴偔丅僶儘儃僋娾堿堚愓偺敪孈偼丄傑偝偵奓晙暥壔偺尮嫿偱偺挷嵏偱偁傞丅偙偺挷嵏寢壥偐傜埨棦巵偼奓晙偺敪惗偵偮偄偰丄攳曅奓婍仺恘晹嬊晹杹惢偺懪惢奓晙仺杹惢奓晙偲偄偆嶌嬈壖愝傪採帵偟丄偙偆偟偰敪惗偟偨奓晙暥壔偑廃曈抧堟傊揥奐偟偰峴偭偨偲偟偰偄傞丅
丂壂撽偲僼傿儕僺儞偲偺奓晙傪偲偆偟偨嫟摨挷嵏偼俋俁擭傕懕偗傜傟傞丅崱屻丄僗乕儖乕彅搰偐傜壂撽傊杒傊岦偐偭偰偳偺傛偆偵揥奐偟偰峴偭偨偺偐丄傑偨撿懢暯梞偲偺娭楢偵偮偄偰傕廳梫側壽戣偲側偭偰偄傞丅
III.乽岎堈偺帪戙乿
拞崙偺僴僀僥僋媄弍偵傛偭偰偮偔傜傟偨摡帴婍偼丄俋悽婭崰偐傜廳梫側杅堈昳偲偟偰悽奅巗応偵搊応偟偨丅偙傟埲崀丄侾俇悽婭偵僗儁僀儞恖偑恑弌偟偰偔傞傑偱偺娫丄僼傿儕僺儞奺抧偺堚愓偐傜弌搚偡傞拞崙摡帴婍偼丄暥專帒椏偵戙傢偭偰摉帪偺條巕傪扵傞帒椏偲偟偰戝偒側堄媊傪傕偭偰偄傞丅偦偺廳梫惈偼丄偙偺帪婜傪僼傿儕僺儞峫屆妛偱乽摡帴婍帪戙乿偁傞偄偼乽岎堈偺帪戙乿偲屇傇偙偲偱傕柧傜偐偱偁傞乮惵桍侾俋俋俀乯丅峫屆妛帒椏偲偟偰偺摡帴婍偑傕偮棙揰偺傂偲偮偼丄摿掕偺惗嶻抧乮梣応乯偱從偐傟偨傕偺偑丄杅堈昳偲偟偰奀忋岎捠偺僱僢僩儚乕僋偵忔偭偰悽奅拞偱敪尒偝傟丄峫屆妛揑柆棈偺拞偵埵抲偯偗傜傟丄偝傜偵悽奅奺抧偺堚愓娫偱擭戙偺斾妑専摙傪峴側偊傞偲偄偆揰偵偁傞丅偦偺偨傔傂偲偮偺摡帴婍曅偺弌搚偵傛偭偰摼傜傟傞忣曬偼丄僼傿儕僺儞傗偦偺懠偺搶撿傾僕傾抧堟偺傛偆偵曇擭嶌嬈偑恑傫偱偄側偄抧堟偱偼丄擭戙傪巒傔偲偟偰奀忋岎堈僱僢僩儚乕僋傗摉帪偺幮夛偺偁傝曽側偳丄懡偔傪暔岅偭偰偔傟傞丅
丂僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偼侾俋俆侽擭戙埲崀丄摡帴婍帪戙偺幮夛傗暥壔偺夝柧偺偨傔丄慻怐揑側敪孈挷嵏傪懕偗偰偒偨丅側偐偱傕僇儔僞僈儞堚愓乮Fox 1959丄揷拞侾俋俋俁乯丄僒儞僞丒傾僫堚愓乮Fox and Legaspi 1977, Locsin
1967乯偺挷嵏偱偼丄摡帴杅堈偺尋媶巎忋丄婱廳側帒椏傪採嫙偟偨丅挿擭丄僼傿儕僺儞弌搚偺杅堈摡帴婍偺挷嵏丒尋媶傪懕偗偰偄傞惵桍巵偼丄偙傟傜偺帒椏傪傕偲偵僼傿儕僺儞偺摡帴婍帪戙傪俆婜偵嬫暘偡傞曇擭傪埲壓偺傛偆偵採帵偟偰偄傞乮惵桍侾俋俉俆丄侾俋俋俀乯丅
丂戞侾婜丂 俋乣侾侽悽婭丂丂 斢搨丒屲戙婜丂 儔僂儗儖堚愓
丂戞俀婜丂 侾侽乣侾俀悽婭丂 丂丂丂 杒憊弶婜丂丂丂 僶儔儞僈僀堚愓
丂戞俁婜丂 侾俀乣侾俁悽婭丂 撿憊婜丂丂丂丂 傾價僆僌摯寠堚愓
丂戞係婜丂侾俁悽婭屻敿乣侾係悽婭丂 尦屻婜乣柧弶婜丂 僒儞僞丒傾僫堚愓
丂戞俆婜丂 侾俆乣侾俇悽婭慜敿丂 柧戙慜婜丂 僇儔僞僈儞堚愓
偝傜偵偙傟傜昗幆堚愓弌搚偺摡帴婍孮偲搶撿傾僕傾偺彅堚愓弌搚偺摡帴婍傪斾妑専摙偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄搶撿傾僕傾悽奅偵偍偗傞奀忋岎堈僱僢僩儚乕僋偺幚懺偑帪戙偛偲偵柧傜偐偵側偭偰偒偨乮Aoyagi 1991乯丅惵桍巵傪偼偠傔偲偡傞擔杮恖尋媶幰偼搶撿傾僕傾奺抧偺摡帴婍弌搚堚愓偺挷嵏傪懕偗丄嵟嬤偱偼儀僩僫儉摡帴偺梣毈偺敪孈挷嵏傪峴側偭偰偄傞乮Aoyagi et al. 1992, 惵桍丒彫愳侾俋俋俀乯丅
丂乽岎堈偺帪戙乿偵憡摉偡傞擭戙偑柧婰偝傟偨暥帤帒椏偑丄嵟嬤僼傿儕僺儞偱敪尒偝傟偰偄傞偺偱嵟屻偵徯夘偟偨偄丅偙偺暥彂帒椏偼摵斅偵崗報偝傟偨傕偺偱丄儅僯儔搶晹偺儔僌僫抧曽偺儖儞僶儞愳壨岥偐傜敪尒偝傟偨乮Postoma 1991乯丅偦偺屻偙偺摵斅暥彂偼僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偱尋媶偝傟偨寢壥丄暥彂偼屆戙儉儔儐乮儅儗乕乯岅偵懏偟丄屆戙僕儍儚暥帤乮僇僂傿暥帤乯偱婰偝傟偰偄傞偙偲偑柧傜偐偵側偭偨丅柫暥偺嵟弶偺峴偵偼僒僇楋俉俀俀擭偲偄偆擭戙偑柫婰偝傟偰偍傝丄偙傟偼惣楋俋侽侽擭偵憡摉偡傞丅傑偨柫暥偺夝撉偵傛偭偰偦偺撪梕偼丄嵚柋曉嵪傪摉帠幰偲偦偺巕懛偵懳偟偰柶愑偡傞偲偄偆朄揑彂椶偱偁傞偙偲偑暘偐偭偨丅偝傜偵摵斅偵偼儅僯儔杒晹偺僽儔僇儞廈傪棳傟傞傾儞僈僢僩愳増偄偺俁儠強偺抧柤丄媦傃儅僯儔榩増偄偺俀儠強偺抧柤偑婰偝傟偰偍傝丄奀忋偲撪棨傪寢傇岎堈僱僢僩儚乕僋偺懚嵼傪帵嵈偟偰偄傞丅
丂堦枃偺摵斅暥彂偺敪尒偵傛偭偰摉帪偺幮夛婡峔偺幚懺偑柧偐偲側傝丄峫屆妛丒楌巎妛丒尵岅妛偺奺暘栰偵梌偊偨徴寕偼戝偒偄丅崱屻偼峫屆妛揑偵暥彂偵尰傢傟偰偄傞抧堟傪挷嵏偟丄楌巎偺嬻敀晹暘傪杽傔側偑傜丄乽岎堈偺帪戙乿傪傛傝慛柧偵昤偒弌偡嶌嬈傪懕偗側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅丂
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