庪椔嵦廤柉僱僌儕僩偺峫屆妛

乕嫟惗娭學偑採婲偡傞彅栤戣乕

彫愳塸暥

 

偼偠傔偵

丂僼傿儕僺儞偵廧傓庪椔嵦廤柉僱僌儕僩偼丄尰嵼僼傿儕僺儞彅搰撪慡堟傪崌傢偣偰侾枩偐傜侾枩俆愮恖偲悇掕偝傟偰偄傞丅僱僌儕僩偼偐偮偰儅儗乕宯恖偑堏廧偡傞埲慜偐傜偺愭廧柉偲偟偰丄偙偺彅搰撪慡堟偵曢傜偟偰偄偨偑丄挿偄擭寧偵傢偨偭偰丄偔傝偐偊偟峴傢傟偨偱偁傠偆儅儗乕宯恖偺堏廧偵傛偭偰丄僱僌儕僩偼掅抧偐傜彊乆偵嶳妜抧懷偵捛偄傗傜傟丄掅抧擾峩柉偺恑擖傪梕堈偵偼嫋偝側偄擬懷塉椦傗恖岥婓敄側搰偵偺偙偝傟偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅僱僌儕僩偲偼尦棃丄僗儁僀儞岅偱乽彫偝側崟恖乿傪堄枴偟丄僼傿儕僺儞偺掅抧偵廧傓儅儗乕宯偺恖乆偲偼宍幙揑偵堎側傝丄嶳拞偵廧傒丄掅恎挿丄弅栄丄埫妼怓偺旂晢傪傕偮僱僌儕僩傪傒偨僗儁僀儞恖偑屇傫偩偙偲偵桼棃偡傞丅傾僕傾抧堟偵偼儅儗乕敿搰偺僙儅儞懓傗僀儞僪梞偺傾儞僟儅儞彅搰柉偑摨偠傛偆側宍幙揑摿挜傪傕偪丄摨條偵僱僌儕僩偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅尰嵼丄僼傿儕僺儞偺僱僌儕僩偼丄儖僜儞搰杒搶晹僔僄儔儅僪儗嶳拞丄摨偠偔儖僜儞搰拞晹偺僺僫僩僁儃嶳拞丄偝傜偵僼傿儕僺儞拞晹偺僱僌儘僗搰偺堦晹傗僷儔儚儞搰丄偦偟偰僼傿儕僺儞撿晹偵埵抲偡傞儈儞僟僫僆搰杒搶晹側偳偱惗妶偟偰偄傞丅奺抧堟偺僱僌儕僩偼偦傟偧傟堎側偭偨柉懓柤徧偱屇偽傟偰偄傞偑丄杮峞偱偲傝偁偘傞儖僜儞搰杒搶晹偺僱僌儕僩偼乽僀僞乿丄乽傾僌僞乿側偳偺屇徧傪傕偮柉懓廤抍偱偁傞丅

丂嬤擭丄偲偔偵俈侽擭戙埲崀偙傟傜偄偢傟偺抧堟偵偍偄偰傕丄栘嵽敯嵦傗奐戱擾柉偺擖怉側偳丄掅抧柉偺擬懷塉椦傊偺怤擖偵傛偭偰丄奺抧偺僱僌儕僩偺惗妶椞堟偼媫懍偵怹怘丒埑敆偝傟偰偄傞丅偦偺寢壥丄僱僌儕僩偺幮夛丒宱嵪惗妶偼媫寖側曄梕傪梋媀側偔偝傟丄庡梫側惗寁妶摦傕揱摑揑偲偝傟傞庪椔嵦廤偐傜從敤峩嶌丄偝傜偵偼擾嬈楯摥傊偲曄壔偺摴嬝傪偨偳偭偰偄傞丅庪椔嵦廤柉偲偟偰梀摦惗妶傪塩傓僱僌儕僩傪丄崙壠偺儚僋偺拞偵慻傒偄傟傛偆偲偡傞帋傒偼怉柉抧帪戙偐傜傒傜傟傞偑丄慻怐揑側掕廧壔惌嶔偼傾儊儕僇摑帯帪戙偺崱悽婭弶摢偐傜偼偠傑傝丄撈棫屻傕懡偔偺幐攕傪傊偰尰嵼偱傕宲懕偟偰偄傞丅

丂嵟嬤偺僱僌儕僩偵娭偡傞恖椶妛揑尋媶傪怳傝曉偭偰傒傞偲丄俈侽擭戙偲俉侽擭戙偱偼帪戙忬嫷丒妛奅偺悥惃側偳偵戝偒偔惂栺偝傟偰偐丄榑揰傗寢榑偑侾侽擭娫偱戝偒側曄壔傪傒偣偰偄傞偙偲偑傢偐傞丅埲壓偱媍榑偺拞怱偲側傞僱僌儕僩偲掅抧擾峩柉偲偺乽岎姺乿傪傔偖傞愢柧傪傒偰傕丄榑揰傗尋媶栚揑偺堘偄偼柧妋偱偁傞丅俈侽擭戙偵偼儀僩僫儉愴憟傪偼偠傔偲偡傞搶惣椻愴偺偝側偐偱丄尋媶幰偺墋愴婥暘丄尰戙幮夛傊偺尪柵傪斀塮偟偰丄僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偺娭學傪挷榓揑丄埨掕揑側傕偺偲偟偰僀儊乕僕偟丄乽崅婱側傞栰斬恖乿恄榖偁傞偄偼"Man, the Hunter (Lee and De Vore 1968)"恄榖傪嶌傝忋偘偰偄偭偨丅偟偐偟俉侽擭戙偵偼乽岎姺乿偼彮悢幰偲偟偰偺僱僌儕僩偑懡悢幰偱偁傞擾峩柉偲嫟惗偡傞偨傔偺媷梋偺揔墳庤抜偲偟偰採帵偝傟偰偍傝丄傛傝幚懺傪捈帇偟偨愢柧偵曄傢偭偰偒偰偄傞丅偨偩偟偙偺俀偮偺帪戙偵曄傜側偄傕偺偼丄僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偺乽岎姺乿傪偳傟偩偗夁嫀偵偝偐偺傏傜偣傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偐丄偲偄偆媍榑偱偁傞丅偙偺偙偲偼丄俀偮偺媄弍揑攚宨偑堎側傞廤抍偑側偤堦曽偵摨壔丒媧廂偝傟傞偙偲側偔尰嵼偵摓偭偰偄傞偺偐丄偲偄偆媈栤偵愢柧傪梌偊傛偆偲偡傞妛栤揑僠儍儗儞僕偵偼曄壔偑側偐偭偨偙偲傪帵偟偰偄傞丅

丂偙偺傛偆偵恖椶妛偑採婲偟偨夁嫀傊偺栤偄偐偗偵懳偟偰丄挿偄帪娫偺僾儘僙僗偵偍偗傞恖娫峴摦偺曄壔傪庢傝埖偆峫屆妛偼偳偺傛偆偵墳摎偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偩傠偆偐丅廬棃偺傛偆偵搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛偵偁傝偑偪側愨懳揑側挷嵏晄懌傗帒椏晄懌傪弢偵偟偰偄偰偼丄懹枬偺偦偟傝傪庴偗偐偹側偄丅偙偺榑峫偱偼丄擬懷塉椦偺娐嫬壓偱惗妶偡傞僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偺娫偵挿婜娫偵傢偨偭偰懚嵼偟偨偲峫偊傜傟傞乽岎姺乿傪幉偲偟偨宱嵪丒幮夛娭學偵偮偄偰偺恖椶妛偺栤偄偐偗偵懳偟偰丄峫屆妛偺懁偐傜偳偺傛偆側曉摎傪弨旛偱偒傞偺偐傪擮摢偵偍偄偰丄尋媶忋偺栤戣揰傪惍棟偟丄怴偨側挷嵏曽朄傪採帵偡傞丅

 

I丏僱僌儕僩偺峫屆妛丟擬懷塉椦庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆妛偼偳偺傛偆側栤戣傪偐偐偊偰偄傞偐丠

丂峫屆妛尋媶偲僱僌儕僩尋媶偺愙揰偼丄傑偢愇婍尋媶偵傒傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅恖椶巎偵偍偄偰愇婍偼丄搚婍傗嬥懏婍偑弌尰偡傞埲慜丄偁傞偄偼擾峩丒暥柧弌尰埲慜偵丄恖椶偑庪椔嵦廤惗妶傪塩傫偱偄偨媽愇婍帪戙偺戙昞揑側峫屆妛堚暔偱偁傞丅媽愇婍帪戙埲崀傕悽奅拞偱愇婍偼巊梡偝傟懕偗偰偄傞偑丄怴愇婍帪戙偵偼搚婍丄偦偺屻偼嬥懏婍傊偲丄帪戙傪戙昞偡傞媄弍揑強嶻偺嵗傪忳偭偰偄傞丅

丂偐偮偰昅幰偼僼傿儕僺儞丄儖僜儞搰杒搶晹丄僇僈儎儞廈儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偵偁傞愇奃娾摯寠弌搚偺攳曅愇婍孮傪丄愇婍惢嶌忋偺媄弍偲巊梡忋偺婡擻偵拲栚偟偰暘愅傪峴側偭偨丅攳曅愇婍偲偼愇偺偐偨傑傝傪偨偨偄偰偼偓庢偭偨愇偺攋曅傪棙婍偲偟偨傕偺偱丄媽愇婍帪戙偐傜挿偔恖椶偵傛偭偰惢嶌偝傟丄棙梡偝傟偰偒偨愇婍偱偁傞乮恾1, 2, 3, PL. 1, 2乯丅

丂儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偼儖僜儞搰偺搶奀娸偮傑傝丄懢暯梞懁傪撿杒偵憱傞僔僄儔儅僪儗嶳柆偺惣榌偺愇奃娾戜抧忋偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅摯寠孮偼擬懷塉椦偵暍傢傟偨偙偺愇奃娾戜抧偱敪尒偝傟丄僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偑俈侽擭戙屻敿偐傜俉侽擭戙慜敿偵偐偗偰挷嵏傪峴側偭偨堚愓孮偱偁傞丅儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偱偼尰嵼傑偱偵俈僇強偺摯寠堚愓偑敪孈偝傟丄12.000擭慜偺攳曅愇婍孮傗7.000擭慜偺擭戙傪傕偮搚婍孮偐傜侾俆丄侾俇悽婭偺拞崙丒僞僀丒儀僩僫儉偺摡帴婍偑弌搚偟丄惗妶毈偁傞偄偼曟抧偲偟偰挿偄婜娫棙梡偝傟偨堚愓偱偁傞偙偲偑暘偐偭偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺摯寠孮偱偼丄12.000擭慜偺攳曅愇婍孮傪偺偧偄偰丄偡偱偵擾峩偑奐巒偝傟偰偄偨偲憐掕偝傟傞7.000 擭慜埲崀偺搚憌偐傜丄攳曅愇婍偲搚婍偑嫟敽偡傞偐偨偪偱弌搚偟偰偄傞丅偙偺傛偆側峫屆妛揑忬嫷偐傜偼丄攳曅愇婍偑偡偖偵庪椔嵦廤柉僱僌儕僩偺強嶻偱偁傞偲偐丄搚婍偑弌搚偡傞偐傜擾峩柉偑塩傫偩堚愓偱偁傞偲偵傢偐偵抐尵偼偱偒側偄丅偙偺傛偆側堚愓偺乽扴偄庤乿偺栤戣丄偁傞偄偼擾峩埲崀偺帪戙偵偍偄偰僱僌儕僩偑傢傟傢傟偵偺偙偟偨峫屆妛揑帒椏傪柧妋偵採帵偱偒側偄栤戣偵偮偄偰偼丄杮榑偺庡戣偱偁傞乽岎姺乿偵娭楢偟偰偍傝丄師復埲崀偱媍榑偟偨偄丅

丂儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偺摯寠孮偺傂偲偮丄嬥懏婍帪戙偐傜摡帴婍偺帪戙乮栺2.000擭慜偐傜侾俇悽婭傑偱偲悇掕偝傟傞乯偺堚暔傪弌搚偡傞摯寠偐傜弌搚偟偨攳曅愇婍孮偺暘愅傪峴偭偨寢壥丄偙傟傜偺攳曅愇婍孮偼旕忢偵扨弮側媄朄偱惢嶌偝傟丄怉暔惈偺慺嵽傪壛岺偟偰怴偨偵摴嬶傪惢嶌偡傞婡擻傪傕偭偰偄傞偙偲偑柧傜偐偵側偭偨乮彫愳1984乯丅愇婍尋媶偵偍偄偰丄惢嶌媄朄偺暘愅傪峴側偆偺偼忢搮庤抜偱偁傞偑丄愇婍偺恘晹偵偺偙傞巊梡嵀偐傜偺婡擻暘愅偼旕忢庤抜偱偁傞丅偙偺曽朄傪偁偊偰巊傢側偔偰偼側傜側偐偭偨攚宨偵偼丄搶撿傾僕傾偵傒傜傟傞攳曅愇婍偺摿庩惈偵偮偄偰弎傋側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺攳曅愇婍偼奣偟偰丄億僀儞僩乮鑆傗憚愭乯傗僫僀僼宆愇婍偲偄偭偨掕宍揑側丄偮傑傝宍偐傜偦偺婡擻傪椶悇偱偒傞愇婍偲偼堎側傝丄晄掕宍側宍懺傪桳偟偰偄傞乮椺奜揑偵搶撿傾僕傾偺掕宍揑側攳曅愇婍偲偟偰僗儔僂僃僔偺儅儘僗丒億僀儞僩側偳偑偁偘傜傟傞乯丅峫屆妛偱偼敪孈偱摼傜傟偨枹暘壔偺忬懺偵偁傞堚暔孮偺拞偵壗傜偐偺乮偲偔偵宍懺偺乯僷僞乕儞傪尒偄弌偟偦傟傪婎偵暘椶傪帋傒傞偑丄宍懺偑晄掕宍側攳曅愇婍偼丄暘愅偺嵟弶偺抜奒偐傜暘愅傪嫅傫偱偄傞偄傞偐偺傛偆偱偁傞丅偙偺傛偆側堚暔偺傕偮摿庩惈丒堎幙惈備偊偵丄宍懺傪暘椶偺婎弨偲偟偰惉壥傪嫇偘偰偒偨峫屆妛愭恑抧堟乮墷暷抧堟乯偺尋媶幰偐傜偼丄搶撿傾僕傾偺晄掕宍攳曅愇婍偼媄弍揑偵楎偭偨傕偺丄偦偟偰偮偄偵偼暥壔揑偵傕楎偭偰偄傞傕偺偲偟偰傒傜傟偰棃偨丅搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛偺尋媶偼挷嵏審悢偺彮側偝偵壛偊丄偙偆偟偨惣墷揑側尒曽偵傕敍傜傟偰側偐側偐恑揥偟側偐偭偨丅

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺攳曅愇婍偺宍懺傗婍庬偺昻庛偝僀僐乕儖偙偺抧堟偺暥壔揑掆懾偲偄偆擣幆偑挿偄娫墶峴偟偰偄偨丅暥壔揑乽掆懾榑乿偼偝傜偵丄乽枹弉側乿愇婍偺懚嵼偺愢柧偲偟偰庪椔嵦廤柉偑尰嵼偱傕搶撿傾僕傾奺抧偵懚懕偡傞棟桼傊偲寢傃偮偄偰偄偔丅偟偐偟幚嵺丄愇婍孮傪巊梡偟偰媽愇婍帪戙偝側偑傜偵惗妶偟偰偄傞庪椔嵦廤柉偼懚嵼偟側偄丅偨偩扨偵乽掆懾榑乿偑愇婍偲庪椔嵦廤柉偲偄偆乽枹弉側乿幰摨巑傪抁棈揑偵寢傃偮偗偨偵偡偓側偄丅偙偺傛偆偵峫屆妛愭恑抧堟偑乽掆懾惈乿丄乽屻恑惈乿丄乽枹弉偝乿偲偄偆夝庍丒愢柧傪梌偊偰偄傟偽傛偐偭偨晽挭偺側偐偱丄僴僀僱僎儖僨儖儞偩偗偼側偤尰懚偡傞庪椔嵦廤柉偑挿偄帪娫偺棳傟偺拞偱擾峩柉偵摨壔偟側偐偭偨偺偐丄偲偄偆堦曕摜傒崬傫偩栤戣傪愝掕偟偰偄偨乮Heine-Gelderun1932乯丅偙偺栤戣偵懳偡傞斵偺愢柧偼丄妘棧儌僨儖乮isolate model乯偲屇偽傟偰偍傝丄搶撿傾僕傾偵偍偗傞庪椔嵦廤柉偼挿婜偵傢偨偭偰妘棧忬懺偑宲懕偟偨寢壥丄擾峩偵堏峴丒摨壔偡傞偨傔偺媄弍傪抦傜側偐偭偨偲偄偆傕偺偱偁傞丅妘棧儌僨儖偼柉懓廤抍偺懡條惈傪愢柧偡傞偵偼奿岲偺傕偺偲偟偰挿偄娫庴偗偄傟傜傟偰偒偨丅尰嵼偱傕懡偔偺庪椔嵦廤柉尋媶幰偺摢偺拞偵挿偄娫偺乽妘棧乿丄庪椔嵦廤柉偲偟偰偺乽弮悎偝乿偲偄偆僶僀傾僗傪書偐偣傞乽恄榖乿揑椡傪傕偭偰偄傞丅

丂俈侽擭戙埲崀偵側傞偲丄乽掆懾榑乿偵曄傢傞怴偨側尋媶偺曽岦惈傪尒偄偩偡搘椡偑峴傢傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅偦傟偼抧堟偺摿庩惈傪廫暘峫椂偵擖傟偰丄抧堟偺柆棈偺拞偱栤戣傪愢柧偟偰偄偙偆偲偡傞妛栤揑榞慻傒偱偁傞丅晄掕宍攳曅愇婍傊偺傾僾儘乕僠偺巇曽偲偟偰偼丄宍懺傛傝偼愇婍偑偳偺傛偆偵巊傢傟偰偄偨偐偲偄偆婡擻偺栤戣偵拝栚偡傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅愇婍偑晄掕宍側偺偼丄偦傟側傝偺棟桼偑偁傞偐傜偩偲偄偆憡懳揑側峫偊曽偑掕拝偟偼偠傔偨丅傑偨摨帪偵丄愇婍偼帺慠偵懳偟偰捈愙揑偵摥偒偐偗傞摴嬶偱偁傝丄偦傟偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨帒尮傪傕偲偵偟偰愭巎帪戙偺恖乆偼惗寁傪棫偰偰偄偨偲峫偊傜傟傞偐傜丄搶撿傾僕傾搰涀晹傪偍偍偆擬懷塉椦偲偄偆帺慠偺摿挜傪擣幆偟丄偦偙偱孞傝峀偘傜傟傞恖娫偲帺慠偺惗懺妛揑娭學傪抦傞偙偲偼昁恵偺梫審偱偁傞偲偄偆擣幆傕惗傑傟偰偒偨丅愇婍偲偄偆摴嬶偑摿掕偺娐嫬壓偱偳偺傛偆偵巊傢傟偨偺偐偲偄偆柆棈傪栤戣偵偡傞傛偆偵尋媶偺傾僾儘乕僠偺巇曽偑曄偭偰偒偨偺偱偁傞丅

丂偦偺傛偆側怴偨側尋媶偺榞慻傒偑梌偊傜傟偰挷嵏丒尋媶偵戝偄偵抏傒偑偮偄偨偑丄愇婍尋媶偵偼峫屆妛屌桳偺帒椏揑惂栺偑栤戣偲偟偰偺偙偭偰偄傞丅堚愓偐傜怉暔惈偺堚暔丄偮傑傝晠傝傗偡偄桳婡幙偺堚暔偑弌搚偡傞偙偲偼傑傟偱丄彨棃揑偵傕愇婍埲奜偵愭巎帪戙偺摴嬶敔偺拞恎偑偳偺傛偆側傕偺偱偁偭偨偐傪敪孈帒椏偵婜懸偡傞偙偲偼傎偲傫偳晄壜擻偱偁傞丅庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆妛揑尋媶傪傛傝幚懺偵嬤偄傕偺偵偡傞偨傔偵偼丄峫屆帒椏埲奜偺帒椏偱偁傞尰嵼偺庪椔嵦廤柉偐傜摼偨宱尡揑側帒椏傪梡偄偰丄愭巎帪戙偲尰嵼偲偺娫寗丒抐愨傪杽傔傞幙偺崅偄乽媗傔傕偺乿偑昁梫偲側偭偰偔傞丅偦偙偱峫屆妛幰帺傜偑摿掕偺娐嫬壓偱曢傜偡柉懓廤抍偺拞偵擖偭偰峴偒丄偳偺傛偆偵帺慠娐嫬傪棙梡偟偰惗寁傪塩傫偱偄傞偐傪挷嵏偡傞曽朄偑嵦傜傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅偙偺曽朄偼柉懓峫屆妛乮ethnoarchaeology乯偲屇偽傟丄柉懓帒椏偐傜偺傾僫儘僕乕偵傛傞捈姶揑丒庡娤揑側峫屆帒椏偺夝庍傪攔彍偡傞偨傔偵丄摿掕偺僼傿乕儖僪傊峫屆妛幰偑帺傜偍傕傓偄偰丄栚偺慜偱孞傝峀偘傜傟傞恖娫峴摦偲暔幙暥壔偺娫偺憡娭娭學傪傕偲偵儌僨儖傪峔抸偟丄悢偁傞壜擻惈偺拞偐傜嵟傕懨摉惈偺崅偄夝庍傪堷偒弌偡偲偄偆曽朄偱偁傞丅儌僨儖偺桳岠惈偲夝庍偺懨摉惈偼丄懠偺尋媶幰偑専徹偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰傛傝堦憌崅傔傜傟傞偙偲偵側傞丅愇婍偵傛傞愭巎帪戙偺庪椔嵦廤柉尋媶偼丄帺偢偐傜尰嵼偺庪椔嵦廤柉偺挷嵏丒尋媶傊偲曽岦晅偗傜傟傞偙偲偲側偭偨丅

 

II丏儁僯儍僽儔儞僇丒僱僌儕僩偺惗妶帍丟擬懷塉椦偺庪椔嵦廤柉

丂愇婍尋媶偺寢壥偐傜丄夁嫀偺帒椏偵偼寚棊偟偰偄偨乽怉暔惈慺嵽傪梡偄偨摴嬶惢嶌乿偺幚懺挷嵏傪栚揑偲偟偰丄儁僯儍僽儔儞僇嶳拞偺僱僌儕僩乮偙偙偱偼僀僞偲屇偽傟偰偄傞乯偺僉儍儞僾傊偍傕傓偄偨丅埲壓偱偼83擭9寧偵偍偗傞昅幰偺挷嵏傪傕偲偵僀僞偺惗妶幚懺傪奣弎偡傞乮彫愳1985乯丅

丂僀僞偺僉儍儞僾偼儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偺愇奃娾戜抧傪椉抐偟偰搶惣偵棳傟傞僺僫僇僰傾儞愳傪慿偭偰乮搶曽岦乯搆曕堦擔偺抧揰丄愳増偄偵偁偭偨丅儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偺僱僌儕僩丄僀僞偵偮偄偰偼愭峴偡傞偄偔偮偐偺挷嵏椺偑傒傜傟傞乮嶰媑1942,  Griffin 1978,  Barbosa 1985,  惣揷1985 巹怣乯丅

丂僀僞偺廤抍偼丄悇掕俇侽嵥偺僄儓僢僋偲偄偆抝惈傪拞怱偲偟丄偦偺嵢丄巕偳傕偺壠懓丄恊愂偺壠懓偱峔惉偝傟偰偄傞丅摓拝帪偵偼俇壠懓俀係恖偑悽懷偛偲偵廧傫偱偄偨偑丄堦廡娫屻偵偼俉壠懓俁侾恖偵憹偊偰偄偨丅偙偺帪婜偼塉婜偺偼偠傑傝偵偁偨傝丄姡婜偺娫暘嶶偟偰偄偨壠懓偑廤傑偭偰傛傝戝偒側廤抍傪宍惉偡傞帪婜偱偁偭偨丅斵傜偼儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偺愳嬝傪塉婫偲姡婫偲偄偆婫愡偛偲偵忋棳丒壓棳傊偲堏摦偟丄廃埻偺擬懷塉椦傪椘偲偟偰惗寁傪塩傫偱偄傞丅僺僫僇僰傾儞愳偺懠偺巟棳偵傕斵傜偲堶愂娭學偵偁傞廤抍偑廧傫偱偍傝丄偝傜偵偙偺堶愂娭學傪偨偳偭偰僔僄儔儅僪儗偺惣懁偺懢暯梞娸偺僱僌儕僩廤抍偲傕愨偊偢墲棃偟偰偄傞乮恾4, PL.3乯丅

丂挷嵏帪偼塉婜偵偁偨傝丄僀僞偺廤棊偼姡婜偵斾傋偰廤抍傕戝偒偔丄傛傝掕拝揑偱偁傞丅偦偺偨傔廧嫃偺偮偔傝傕丄姡婜偵梡偄傜傟傞嵎偟妡偗彫壆傛傝偼偟偭偐傝偲偟偨彴柺愊俆偐傜侾侽噓偺崅彴幃偱偁傞偑丄嵽椏偼栘偺巬偲抾丄儎僔偺梩偱偱偒偨娙扨側傕偺偱偁傞丅廤棊偼壠懓偛偲偵偙偺傛偆側崅彴幃廧嫃俉屄偱峔惉偝傟偰偄偨丅

丂僀僞偺強桳偡傞摴嬶偼丄偦傟偧傟壠懓偛偲偵媩栴僙僢僩侾丄栘偺榞偵僈儔僗傪偼傝偮偗偨庤惢悈拞儊僈僱偲珞奺侾丄抜儃乕儖侾屄暘偺堖暈丄揝撶侾乣俀屄丄儂乕儘乕傃偒偺嶮悢枃丄夰拞揹摂侾丄儔僕僆侾丄嶳搧侾偑婎杮揑側惗妶梡嬶偲偟偰旛偊傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺懠偵屄恖揑強桳暔偲偟偰堦恖偺壒妝岲偒偺僀僞偼丄扨堦揹抮偱摦偔儗僐乕僪僾儗乕儎乕偲庤惢僊僞乕傪傕偭偰偄偨乮PL.4乯丅

丂斵傜偺廤棊偼擬懷塉椦偵庢傝埻傑傟偰偄傞丅僀僞偼偙偺怷偵惐傓摦丒怉暔傪懳徾偲偟偰丄庪椔丒嵦廤丒嫏潩妶摦傪峴側偭偰偄傞丅擬懷塉椦娐嫬偼崅壏懡塉偱丄敎戝側僶僀僆儅僗乮惗暔検乯傪書偊偰偄傞偨傔丄奜娤偐傜偼恖娫偑棙梡壜擻側帒尮偑朙晉側傛偆偵傒偊傞偑丄幚嵺偼僄僱儖僊乕弞娐偺僗僺乕僪偑懍偄偆偊偵偦偺僔僗僥儉偑旕忢偵埨掕揑側偨傔丄恖娫偑怘椏偲偟偰棙梡偱偒傞晹暘偑旕忢偵尷傜傟偰偄傞丅偦偺寢壥丄怉暔傪怘椏偲偡傞僔僇傗僀僲僔僔丄僒儖偲偄偭偨庪椔懳徾摦暔偺屄懱悢傕摨條偵尷掕偝傟偰偔傞丅偙偺傛偆側棟桼偐傜丄擬懷塉椦偺帺慠偵埶懚偡傞庪椔嵦廤惗妶偼丄偐側傝嬯偟偄傕偺偱偁傞丅乽椢偺嵒敊乿偲傕屇偽傟傞強埲偱偁傞丅

丂庪椔妶摦偼庡偵媩栴偵傛偭偰峴傢傟傞丅媩偼儎僔壢怉暔傪慺嵽偲偟偨戝媩偱乮抝惈偺暯嬒恎挿侾俆侽們倣傛傝傕挿偄乯丄尫偵偼摿掕偺栘偺崻傪扏偄偨傕偺偵儓儕傪偐偗偨傕偺傪巊偭偰偄傞丅栴暱偼嵶恎偺抾丄鑆偵偼懢偄恓偑偹傪嬥捚偁傞偄偼愇偱扏偄偰桍梩忬偵偟偨傕偺傪梡偄丄憰拝偵偼儎僔壢怉暔偺慇堐偺巺傪姫偒晅偗丄偝傜偵庽帀偱屌掕偟偰偄傞丅栴塇崻偼戝宆偺捁乮僼傿儕僺儞榟乯偺塇傪梡偄丄鑆偲摨條偵栴暱偵憰拝偡傞乮PL.5乯丅怴偟偄栴偵偼栴塇崻傪憰拝偡傞売強偵偁傜偐偠傔僶乕僐乕僪條偺慄忦嵀傪偮偗偰栴偺強桳幰傪柧妋偵偡傞丅栴偵偼抝惈偺傒側傜偢彈惈偺柤慜傕婰偝傟偰偄傞丅彈惈偑椔傪偟偨偲偒偺曽偑抝惈傛傝傕岠棪偑傛偄偲偄偆帒椏傕採弌偝傟偰偄傞乮Griffin 1981乯丅媩栴偺庤擖傟丄偲偔偵栴偺曗廋嶌嬈偼庪椔偺慜屻偵昁偢峴側傢傟丄嶌嬈偵昁梫側旛昳乮尫丄栴暱丄鑆丄儎僔壢怉暔偺慇堐丄愙拝嵻偲偟偰偺庽帀傪弌偡栘乯偼忢帪丄廤抍撪偵僗僩僢僋偝傟偰偄傞丅媩栴偺傎偐丄僀僞偼嶶抏廵偱庪椔傪峴側偆偙偲傕偁傞丅偟偐偟廵偱庪椔傪峴側偆偺偼丄偺偪偵壓偱弎傋傞傛偆偵丄擾峩柉偑僔僇傗僀僲僔僔傪曔偭偰偔傞傛偆偵埶棅偟丄嶶抏傪嫙媼偟偨応崌偵尷傜傟傞丅

丂庪椔偵弌偐偗傞帪偼俀乣俆恖偺僷乕僥傿傪慻傓乮PL.6乯丅僷乕僥傿偵偼偟偽偟偽彈惈傕摨峴偟丄慜弎偺傛偆偵媩栴椔傪峴側偆丅昅幰偺挷嵏偱偼丄彈惈偑摨峴偟偨庪椔僷乕僥傿偼俈夞拞俆夞偱偁偭偨乮昞侾乯丅偲偒偵偼曣恊偑愒傫朧傪偐偐偊偰庪椔僷乕僥傿偵摨峴偡傞偙偲傕偁偭偨丅侾夞偺庪椔偵偐偗偨擔悢偼暯嬒偱栺俀擔偱偁傞丅挷嵏帪偼僄儓僢僋偺柡偺寢崶偑嬤偔丄妉暔偺擏傪尰嬥偦偺懠偲岎姺偟偰崶楃旓梡傪擯弌偡傞偨傔偵壗搙傕庪椔偵弌偐偗偰峴偭偨丅

丂僔僇傗僀僲僔僔偑曔傟傞偲偦偺応偱夝懱偟丄枲偱攚晧巕傪嶌傝丄梩偵偔傞傫偱僉儍儞僾傑偱傕偪婣傞丅擏偼廤抍撪偱暯摍偵暘攝偝傟傞丅僒儞丒僽僢僔儏儅儞傗僺僌儈乕偱偼丄摦暔傪幩巭傔偨栴偺強桳幰偑丄擏偺堦斣偄偄晹暘傪傑偢庢傞偲偄傢傟偰偄傞丅僀僞傕慜弎偺傛偆偵栴偺慄忬嵀偵傛偭偰強桳幰傪摿掕偡傞偑丄妉暔傪幩巭傔偨傕偺偑暘攝偺桪愭尃傪傕偮偲偄偆偙偲偼側偄丅傓偟傠栴偺強桳幰偺摿掕偼丄偦偺堐帩丒娗棟偺愑擟幰傪柧妋偵偡傞偙偲偵偁傞丅

丂嫏潩妶摦偼擔忢揑偵廤棊晅嬤偺愳偱峴傢傟傞惗寁妶摦偱丄庤惢偺栘榞偵僈儔僗傪庽帀偱挘傝晅偗偨悈拞儊僈僱傪偮偗偰愳偵愽傝丄懢偄恓嬥忬偺儌儕傪僑儉僶儞僪偱憲傝弌偡傛偆偵偟偰嫑傪撍偔乮PL.7乯丅嫏潩妶摦偼丄庪椔妶摦偑旕擔忢揑側惗寁妶摦偱偁傞偺偲偼懳徠揑偵丄擔忢揑側僞儞僷僋幙愛庢傪壜擻偵偡傞偨傔偺廳梫側惗寁妶摦偱偁傞丅

丂堦曽丄扽悈壔暔偼嵦廤妶摦偵傛偭偰摼傜傟傞偲堦斒揑偵偼峫偊傜傟偰偄傞偑乮Man, the Hunter埲崀丄嵦廤妶摦偑庪椔傛傝傕廳梫偱偁傞偲擣幆偝傟偰丄嵦廤丒庪椔柉偲偄偆傛偆偵柤徧傕媡揮偟偨傎偳乯丄偙傟偵斀偟偰僀僞偺嵦廤妶摦偼偁傑傝妶敪偱偼側偄丅偡偱偵傆傟偨傛偆偵擬懷塉椦偺娐嫬壓偱偼恖娫偑怘梡偲偟偰奐敪壜擻側怉暔帒尮偑丄摨偠擬懷偺婫愡椦傗僒僶儞僫偲斾妑偟偰傕旕忢偵尷傜傟偰偄傞丅擬懷塉椦偼朙晉側擔幩検偲崅壏丒懡塉偲偄偆婥岓忦審偵巟偊傜傟偰丄扨埵柺愊摉偨傝偺朿戝側惗暔検傗惗嶻検丄庬偺懡條惈偵偼栚傪傒偼傞傕偺偑偁傞丅偟偐偟偦偺幚懺傪傛偔傒偰傒傞偲丄擬懷塉椦慡懱偑丄塰梴偺暘夝丒愛庢丒弞娐偺僒僀僋儖偑旕忢偵懍偔岠棪揑偵峴傢傟傞僔僗僥儉傪宍惉偟偰偄傞偨傔丄恖娫偑怘梡偲偟偰偙偺僔僗僥儉偐傜傕偪弌偟壜擻側壥幚丄梩丄壴偲偄偭偨嵞惗嶻婡擻傪傕偮晹暘偺惗嶻偵丄塰梴偑廫暘偵暘攝偝傟偰偄側偄乮Hutterer 1982:121-2乯丅偟偐傕偦傟傜怘梡偲側傞晹暘偼崅偄庽姤偺忋偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵偼傾儖僇儘僀僪丄僞儞僯儞側偳偺撆傗僩僎偱杊屼偝傟偰偄傞丅塰梴暘偺懡偔偼栘幙晹偵拁偊傜傟丄抧壓偺崻晹偵偼傢偢偐偟偐拁偊傜傟偰偄側偄丅婫愡惈偵朢偟偔丄岝丒擬丒悈暘嫙媼偺忦審偑傎傏埨掕偟偰偄傞擬懷塉椦偱偼丄悈暘嫙媼偑擭娫傪捠偠偰堦掕偱側偄擬懷偺婫愡椦偺傛偆偵丄嵞惗嶻偑塉婜偵堦惸偵婲偙傝丄偦傟傪恖娫偑廤拞揑偵棙梡偱偒傞偲偄偆傢偗偵偼偄偐側偄丅庬偺懡條惈傕怘暔棙梡偺壜擻惈傪峀偘偰偄傞傛偆偵傒偊傞偑丄堦掕偺斖埻偺撪偱摨堦庬偑暘嶶偟偰屳偄偵嫍棧傪偍偄偰偄傞偨傔丄棙梡偺嵺偵偼偐側傝偺嫍棧傪堏摦偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄偲偄偆僐僗僩偑偐偐傞丅偙偺傛偆偵扽悈壔暔偺愛庢偵偼懡戝側崲擄偑梊憐偝傟傞乮Hutterer 1982:135乯(PL.8)丅

_

丂僀僞偺廤棊偺廃埻偵偼怷傪愗傝奐偄偨彫婯柾側從敤偑奐偐傟偰偍傝丄僩僂儌儘僐僔丄僆僇儃丄僀儌丄奺庬栰嵷丄僞僶僐側偳偑峩嶌偝傟偰偄傞乮PL.9,10乯丅偮傑傝僀僞傕乽擾峩乿傪抦偭偰偄傞偙偲偵側傞偑丄斵傜偺彫偝側從敤偩偗偱偼丄擔忢揑側扽悈壔暔愛庢検傪擭娫傪捠偠偰傑偐側偆偙偲偼偱偒側偄丅僐儊傗僩僂儌儘僐僔側偳偺扽悈壔暔傪昁梫検擖庤偡傞偨傔丄僀僞偼僔僇傗僀僲僔僔偺擏丄嫑傗朓枿丄赓側偳偺怷椦嶻暔傪擾峩柉偲乽岎姺乿偟偰偄傞丅擾峩柉偑僀僞偺僉儍儞僾傑偱棃偰擏傪拲暥偟丄梡堄偱偒偨抜奒偱僀僞偑擾峩柉偺壠偵屻擔撏偗偰丄昁梫側傕偺岎姺偡傞偲偄偆偙偲偑丄昅幰偺抁偄挷嵏拞偵俀搙偁偭偨丅僀僞偑庴偗庢傞岎姺昳偼僐儊傗僩僂儌儘僐僔偵尷傜偢丄揹抮傗恓偑偹丄悈拞儊僈僱偺僈儔僗丄儔僕僆丄庰丄巻姫偒僞僶僐丄尰嬥偵傑偱媦傫偱偄傞丅

丂偙偺忬嫷傪偳偆棟夝偡傟偽偄偄偩傠偆偐丅悽奅偺懠偺庪椔嵦廤柉丄椺偊偽僇儔僴儕嵒敊偺僽僢僔儏儅儞偺応崌偵偼丄妉摼偡傞怘椏偺戝晹暘偼丄彈丒巕嫙丒榁恖偑嵦廤妶摦偵傛偭偰摼偨傕偺偱偁傞偙偲偑抦傜傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟僀僞偼丄擬懷塉椦偱偼嵦廤崲擄側怉暔惈怘椏傪丄椬愙偡傞擾峩柉偲偺岎姺偵傛偭偰曗側偭偰偄傞丅偡傞偲乽岎姺乿偼丄擬懷塉椦偺娐嫬壓偱偼妉摼偑梕堈偱側偄扽悈壔暔偺怘暔傪丄擾峩柉偲幮夛揑娭學傪寢傇偙偲偵傛偭偰妉摼偟丄惗寁愴棯忋偺庛揰傪曗側偭偰偄傞峴堊偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅斀懳偵擾峩柉偼丄僞儞僷僋幙妋曐偺偨傔偵壠抺傪帞偭偰偄傞偑丄擔忢偺怘梡偵岦偗傞偙偲偑偱偒傞傎偳懡偔偺僽僞傗僯儚僩儕傪帞偭偰偄傞傢偗偱偼側偄丅斀懳偵擾峩柉偼僞儞僷僋尮偑寚朢偡

傞孹岦偵偁傞丅偮傑傝屳偄偺庛揰傪曗側偄偁偆偲偙傠偵丄岎姺偑惉棫偟偰偄傞偲傒傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

丂庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偼偦傟偧傟擬懷塉椦偲丄偦偺奜晹偺掅抧偲偄偆堎側偭偨帺慠娐嫬偵惗妶婎斦傪偍偒丄偦傟偧傟偑傾僋僙僗偟傗偡偄帒尮傪丄屳偄偵棙梡偱偒傞傛偆岎姺傪峴側偭偰偄傞丅偮傑傝堎側偭偨僯僢僠乮惗懺揑抧埵乯偵摿庩壔偟偨揔墳傪悇恑偟丄屳偄偵僐儞儁僥傿僔儑儞乮嫞憟乯傪旔偗丄屳偄偑奐敪偟傗偡偄帒尮傪岎姺偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄晄懌傪曗側偆僔僗僥儉乮偁傞庬偺嫟惗娭學乯傪峔抸偟偰偄傞偲夝庍偱偒傞丅

丂傕偟傕偙偆偟偨幮夛丒宱嵪揑娭學偑旕忢偵挿偄楌巎乮偨偲偊偽偙偺抧堟偱擾峩偑奐巒偝傟偰埲崀丄尰嵼傑偱乯傪傕偭偰偄傞偲偡傟偽丄擬懷抧堟偵廧傓庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偺岎姺傪儀乕僗偵偟偨嫟惗娭學傪丄峫屆妛揑偵夝柧偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偐傕偟傟側偄丅尦棃丄偙偺俀偮偺恖娫廤抍偼丄媄弍揑攚宨傕幮夛慻怐傕丄惗妶條幃傕堎側偭偨廤抍側偺偱偁傞丅恖椶偑摴嬶傪巊偄偼偠傔偨栺俁俆侽枩擭慜偐傜擾峩偑奐巒偝傟傞栺侾枩擭慜傑偱丄堦條偺愴棯傗僔僗僥儉偵偼尷掕偱偒側偄偑丄恖椶偺惗寁偼庪椔嵦廤偵傛偭偰巟偊傜傟偰偒偨丅偦偺屻擾峩幮夛偑惉棫偟丄崙壠偑弌尰偡傞偲丄悽奅拞偱偝傑偞傑側幮夛僔僗僥儉偺壓偵彅暥柧偑抸偐傟丄尰嵼偱偼悽奅偵尷傜傟偨悢偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偟偐偺偙偭偰偄側偄丅偦偺悢彮側偄椺偱偁傞僀僞偼丄擾峩柉偲偺枾愙側愙怗丒嫟惗娭學傪傕偪側偑傜傕丄側偤尰嵼傑偱懚懕偡傞偙偲偑偱偒偨偺偩傠偆偐丅偙偙偱傒偨乽岎姺乿偼偙偺媈栤偵摎偊傜傟傞傎偳偺楌巎傪傕偭偰偄傞偺偩傠偆偐丅偄偢傟偵偟偰傕峫屆妛偼偙偆偟偨夁嫀偵偍偗傞挿偄娫偺丄恖娫峴摦偺曄壔偺僾儘僙僗傪捛偆偙偲偺偱偒傞桞堦偺妛栤揑庤抜偱偁傞丅

 

丂愇婍尋媶偺傒偱偼曗側偄偒傟側偄恖娫峴摦傪幚嵺偵娤嶡偟偰丄愭巎帪戙偵偍偗傞庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆妛偵桳岠側儌僨儖傪偮偔傠偆偲偄偆娭怱偼丄乽岎姺乿傊偲堏峴偟偰偄偭偨丅偦傟偲偄偆偺傕乽岎姺乿儌僨儖偑丄僀僞傪偼偠傔偲偡傞僱僌儕僩偺懚懕丄偦偟偰夁嫀偵偍偗傞擾峩柉偲偺嫟懚偁傞偄偼嫟惗偺栤戣偵偮偄偰丄妘棧儌僨儖乮isolate Model乯 偵戙傢傞愢柧傪採帵偱偒傞壜擻惈偲桳岠惈傪傕偭偰偄傞偐傜偱偁傞丅偙偺栤戣偵偮偄偰摨偠儖僜儞搰杒晹偺懠偺僱僌儕僩廤抍偱丄傛傝挿婜娫偵傢偨傞挷嵏偲掕検揑僨乕僞傪傕偲偵偟偨儌僨儖偑採帵偝傟偰偄傞丅師復偱偼偙傟傜傪傔偖偭偰媍榑偟偨偄丅

丂

III丏庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偼嫟惗壜擻偐丠

丂偙偙偱偼俀恖偺恖椶妛幰偑僱僌儕僩挷嵏傪傕偲偵偟偰採帵偟偨乽岎姺乿儌僨儖偵偮偄偰媍榑偟偨偄丅

(1)僷儔僫儞丒僱僌儕僩

丂儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偐傜僔僄儔儅僪儗嶳柆傪墇偊丄懢暯梞娸傪撿偵栺俀侽侽倠倣偺偲偙傠偵懠偺僱僌儕僩廤抍丄僷儔僫儞丒僱僌儕僩偑廧傓丅僷儔僫儞抧曽偼僇僈儎儞廈偺撿丄僀僓儀儔廈偵懏偟丄慜偼懢暯梞丄惣懁偵偼偡偖僔僄儔儅僪儗偑敆傝丄抧棟揑偵偼僇僈儎儞壨棳堟偵増偭偨姴慄摴楬偐傜妘愨偝傟偨応強偱偁傞丅偙偺抧棟揑忦審偺偨傔丄偐偮偰乮崱悽婭偼偠傔乯僼傿儕僺儞撈棫孯巌椷姱傾僊僫儖僪彨孯偑丄傾儊儕僇孯偺捛媮傪摝傟愽暁偟偰偄偨応強偲偟偰僼傿儕僺儞巎忋偵柤傪偺偙偟偰偄傞丅俇侽擭戙偺枛偐傜俈侽擭戙偺偼偠傔偵偐偗偰丄傾儊儕僇偺恖椶妛幰僺乕僞乕僜儞偑偙偺抧堟偵廧傓僱僌儕僩廤抍傪惗寁愴棯偺帇揰偐傜丄僄僱儖僊乕廂巟偺掕検揑挷嵏傪儀乕僗偲偟偰丄乽岎姺乿偵偮偄偰偺儌僨儖傪採帵偟偰偄傞乮Perterson 1978a, 1978b, Peterson and Peterson 1977乯乮恾俆乯丅

丂僷儔僫儞偺僱僌儕僩乮偙偙偱偼傾僌僞丗Agta偲屇偽傟傞乯廤抍偼丄榩偵柺偟偨暯栰晹偲偦偺屻攚抧偺撪棨抧堟偵丄俁偮偺廤抍偵暘嶶偟偰廧傫偱偍傝丄恖岥偼崌傢偣偰栺俉侽侽恖偱偁傞丅僷儔僫儞抧堟偵尦棃廧傫偱偄偨偄傢備傞儅儗乕宯偺恖乆偼僷儔僫儞偲屇偽傟丄榩偵拲偖愳増偄偵廤棊傪宍惉偟丄悈揷偲從敤擾峩傪塩傫偱偄傞偑丄戞擇師悽奅戝愴屻丄奜晹偐傜僀儘僇僲乮儖僜儞搰杒惣晹偺柉懓廤抍乯傪拞怱偲偟偨堏柉偺憹壛偵偲傕側偄丄僺乕僞乕僜儞偑挷嵏傪峴偭偨俈侽擭戙偼偠傔偺擾峩柉偺恖岥偼栺侾枩恖偱偁傞丅

丂傾僌僞偺惗寁妶摦偼庪椔丒嫏潩妶摦傪拞怱偲偟丄偝傜偵彫婯柾側從敤峩嶌傪峴側偭偰偄傞丅堦曽丄僷儔僫儞偺惗寁妶摦偼從敤丒悈揷峩嶌傪峴側偄丄僩僂儌儘僐僔丄儎儉僀儌傪庡梫嶌暔偲偟丄偙偺傎偐偵僐儊丒僷僀僫僢僾儖丒僶僫僫丒栰嵷側偳傪嶌偭偰偄傞丅壠抺偺曐桳偼奺壠懓暯嬒偟偰丄擾嶌嬈梡偺僗僀僊儏僂係摢丄僯儚僩儕俁侽丄僽僞侾摢偱偁傞丅偙傟傜偺壠抺偼擔忢偺怘帠偱徚旓偝傟傞偙偲偼側偔丄媀楃偵嫙偝傟傞偐尰嬥廂擖偺偨傔偺傕偺偱偁傞丅堦曽僞儞僷僋尮偺妉摼偱偼傾僌僞偑彑偭偰偍傝丄傾僌僞偺庪椔偲嫏潩妶摦偵傛偭偰妉摼偝傟傞擏偺検偼丄侾壠懓暯嬒偱侾僇寧偵僀僲僔僔侾俀倠倗丄僔僇俁倠丄嫑椶係俁倠倗偱偁傞丅偟偐偟偙傟偲懳徠揑偵嵦廤妶摦偺傎偆偼偁傑傝妶敪偱偼側偔丄栰惗怉暔偺壥幚丄崻宻椶丄奓椶傪曗懌揑偵嵦廤偟丄從敤峩嶌傕彫婯柾側傕偺偱丄偦偙偐傜摼傜傟傞擾嶌暔偼曗姰揑丒梊旛揑側検偟偐嫙媼偱偒側偄丅傑偨從敤偼堏摦偵嵺偟偰曻婞偝傟傞偺偑忢偱偁傞丅

丂傾僌僞偺俁偮偺廤抍偼偦傟偧傟堎側偭偨旝彫娐嫬偵墳偠偰丄妉摼偡傞怘椏帒尮偺庬椶偲検偑堎偭偰偄傞丅怘椏帒尮偺庬椶偲検偺堘偄偼婫愡惈偵傛偭偰傕嵍塃偝傟傞偑丄堦偮偺抧堟偱怘椏偑晄懌偟偨応崌丄懠偺抧堟偐傜乽岎姺乿偵傛偭偰曗懌偝傟傞丅怘椏偺岎姺偼傾僌僞偺廤抍傪墇偊偨崶堶娭學傪偨偳偭偰憡屳曗姰揑偵峴偙側傢傟偰偄傞丅

丂偝傜偵僺乕僞乕僜儞偑拲栚偡傞偺偼丄屳偄偵媄弍揑丒幮夛揑攚宨偑堎側傞傾僌僞偲僷儔僫儞偲偺娫偱峴側傢傟傞乽岎姺乿偱偁傞丅怘椏岎姺偵傛傞僄僱儖僊乕偺憡屳曗姰惈偼旕忢偵崅偔丄僷儔僫儞恖岥偺俁暘偺俀偑僞儞僷僋尮偺俁侽乣俆侽亾傪傾僌僞偵丄傾僌僞恖岥偺傎偲傫偳偑扽悈壔暔偺俈侽乣侾侽侽亾傪僷儔僫儞偵埶懚偟偰偄傞丅乽岎姺乿偼怘椏偩偗偵尷傜偢丄楯摥椡偲搚抧乮擾抧乯偵傕傒傜傟傞丅傾僌僞偼僷儔僫儞偺擾抧偱峴傢傟傞怉偊晅偗丄廂妌側偳偺擾嶌嬈偵楯摥椡傪採嫙偟丄偦偺傒曉傝偵嶌暔傗捓嬥傪庴偗庢偭偰偄傞丅傑偨傾僌僞偑廤棊晅嬤偱愗傝奐偄偨從敤偑丄婫愡揑側堏摦偵傛偭偰曻婞偝傟偨屻偵僷儔僫儞偑棙梡偡傞応崌偵偼丄傾僌僞傊擾嶌暔側偳傪憲偭偰曗彏偡傞丅

丂傾僌僞偲僷儔僫儞偲偺娫偱峴側傢傟偰偄傞庡怘丒楯摥椡丒搚抧偺乽岎姺乿偼丄帒尮偺憡屳埶懚娭學傪妋棫偟偰偄傞偑丄偙偺乽岎姺乿傪幮夛揑偵婯掕偟偰偄傞傕偺偼丄僀僶僀乮ibay乯偲屇偽傟傞傾僌僞偲僷儔僫儞偲偺娫偵寢偽傟偨媅惂揑恊懓娭學偱偁傞丅傾僌僞偲僀僶僀娭學傪庢傝寢傫偱偄傞僷儔僫儞偼慡懱偺俁暘偺侾丄斀懳偵傾僌僞偼偦偺傎偲傫偳偑帺暘偺僀僶僀傪僷儔僫儞偵傕偭偰偄傞丅偝傜偵僀僶僀偼恊偐傜巕傊偲庴偗宲偑傟丄憡屳埶懚娭學傪埨掕偝偣偰偄傞丅怘椏偺傎偐偵傕傾僌僞偑僷儔僫儞偐傜栻傗揹抮側偳傪傕傜偭偨傝丄僷儔僫儞偑傾僌僞偵嶳墇偊偺僈僀僪傪埶棅偡傞帪偵傕棙梡偝傟傞丅

丂傾僌僞偲僷儔僫儞偺娫偵傒傜傟傞乽岎姺乿偼庡怘傗庡怘傪惗嶻偡傞楯摥椡傪丄媄弍懱宯偲幮夛慻怐偑屳偄偵堎側偭偨廤抍偵埶懚偟丄屳偄偵晄懌偡傞晹暘偺妋曐傪傛傝妋幚偵偡傞偨傔偵丄僀僶僀偲偄偆惂搙壔偝傟偨幮夛娭學傪寢傫偱偄傞丅偙偺傛偆偵乽岎姺乿偑妋屌偲偟偰懚嵼偟丄偦偺幮夛娭學偑惂搙壔偝傟偰偄傞惗寁愴棯傪丄僺乕僞乕僜儞傜偼乽岎姺揔墳( exchange adaptation )乿偲偄偆柤偱儌僨儖壔偟偰偄傞乮Peterson and Peterson 1977乯丅偮傑傝傾僌僞偲僷儔僫儞偲偺娫偺岎姺偼丄俀偮偺惗嬈宍懺乮subsistence mode乯丒惗寁愴棯乮subsistence strategy乯偺堎側傞廤抍偑丄偦傟偧傟偺帺慠娐嫬偺拞偱奐敪壜擻偱偁傞偑丄尷傜傟偨帒尮偵揔偟偨楯摥椡偺摿庩壔傪峴側偆偙偲偵傛偭偰丄侾偮偺惗寁廤抍偱偼側偟摼側偄丄傛傝崅師尦偺宱嵪僔僗僥儉傪嶌傝偁偘偰偄傞偲偄偆傕偺偱偁傞丅

丂偱偼側偤憃曽偺廤抍偑丄偙偺傛偆側惗寁愴棯偺摿庩壔傪峴側偭偨偐偺偐偲偄偆棟桼傪峫偊傞偨傔偵偼丄偦傟偧傟偺廤抍偺楯摥搳壓偺幚懺傪専摙偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅僷儔僫儞偼丄傾僌僞偲偺擏偺岎姺偺偨傔偵丄帺傜偑惗嶻偟偨嶌暔偺侾侽乣俁侽亾傪廩偰偰偄傞丅傕偟傕僷儔僫儞偑丄帺暘偨偪偱帞堢偟偰偄傞壠抺偩偗偵僞儞僷僋尮傪棅偭偨応崌丄嶌暔偺堦晹傪壠抺偺塧偵廩偰偨傝丄壠抺偑嶌暔傪峳傜偝側偄傛偆嶒傪嶌偭偨傝偲偄偆楯摥椡偺僐僗僩偑偐偐傞丅偙偺楯摥搳壓傪寵偭偰丄傾僌僞偺傛偆偵僞儞僷僋尮傪庪椔傗嫏潩偵媮傔傞偲偡傞偲丄惗寁妶摦偺暆偑偁傑傝偵傕懡婒偵傢偨傝偡偓丄幚峴晄壜擻偱偁傞丅

丂尰幚偵揥奐偟偰偄傞偺偼丄岎姺傪偲偍偟偰楯摥搳壓検偺憹戝傪墴偝偊側偑傜傕丄傛傝懡條側怘椏帒尮傪妉摼偡傞偲偄偆曽朄偱偁傞丅媡偵傾僌僞偵偲偭偰嵦廤妶摦偼丄慜弎偟偨傛偆偵擬懷塉椦偺娐嫬壓偱偼丄楯摥搳壓偵尒偁偆偩偗偺扽悈壔暔傪摼傞偙偲偑旕忢偵崲擄偱偁傞丅偟偐偟扽悈壔暔傪曗側偆偨傔偵傕偟傾僌僞偑丄從敤丒悈揷峩嶌傪偼偠傔傟偽丄僷儔僫儞偲峩抧傪傔偖偭偰嫞憟乮competition乯偑婲偙偭偰偟傑偆丅偦偙偱傾僌僞偼僷儔僫儞偲偺怘椏偺岎姺傪偲偍偟偰丄庪椔丒嫏潩偲偄偆掅偄媄弍儗儀儖偵偲偳傑傝側偑傜傕丄楯摥搳壓検傪彮側偔墴偝偊傞偙偲偵惉岟偟偰偄傞偺偱偁傞丅

丂栺侾枩擭慜偵恖椶偑擾峩偲掕廧惗妶傪偼偠傔丄偦偺屻擾峩幮夛偑惉棫偟偰埲棃丄憹壛偟偨恖岥傪巟偊傞偨傔丄恖椶偼楯摥搳壓検偺憹戝偲媄弍妚怴偲偄偆庤抜偵傛偭偰丄愨偊偢娐嫬廂梕検(carring capacity )傪憹傗偡搘椡傪偮偯偗偰偒偨丅偟偐偟偄偭偨傫夞暅偟偨娐嫬廂梕検傕擾峩偺廤栺壔偵傛偭偰偝傜偵恖岥偼憹戝偟丄峏側傞楯摥搳壓偲媄弍妚怴偵傛傞廤栺壔偑昁梫偲側偭偰偔傞丅堦曽丄傾僌僞偲僷儔僫儞偵傒傜傟傞乽岎姺揔墳乿偼丄廤栺壔偲偄偆朿挘偺曽岦傪嵦梡偡傞偙偲側偔娐嫬廂梕検傪憹戝偝偣傞揔墳愴棯偲偄偆偙偲偑偱偒傞乮恾俇乯丅

丂偄偭偨傫擾峩幮夛偑惉棫偡傞偲丄偦偺屻偺恖椶幮夛偼丄暥柧傊偲岦偐偭偰朿挘傪偮偯偗偰尰嵼偵偄偨偭偰偄傞丅儃僘儔僢僾偑採彞偟偨擾峩敪揥偺儌僨儖偑丄暥柧幮夛傊偺億僕僥傿僽側曽岦惈傪戙曎偟偰偄傞偲偡傞側傜偽( Boserup 1967 )丄乽岎姺揔墳乿偼僱僈僥傿僽側懁柺乮偄偭偨傫擾峩傪偼偠傔傟偽愨偊娫側偄朿挘傪偮偯偗側偔偰偼側傜側偄乯傪晜偒挙傝偵偟偰偄傞偲傕峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

 

(2)僇僔僌儔儞僱僌儕僩

丂僷儔僫儞偐傜撿傊栺侾侽侽倠倣偵埵抲偡傞奀娸抧懷丄僆乕儘儔廈僇僔僌儔儞偵廧傓僱僌儕僩偲掅抧柉偵傒傜傟傞岎姺傪攠夘偲偟偨乽憡棙嫟惗娭學乮symbiotic mutualism乯乿傪挷嵏偟偨偺偑丄僿僢僪儔儞僪偱偁傞乮Headland 1986乯丅僇僔僌儔儞偼懢暯梞偵柺偟偨僆乕儘儔廈偺杒晹偵埵抲偟丄敿搰晹傪娷傓偦偺峀偝偼撿杒俉俆倠倣丄搶惣侾侽乣侾俆倠倣偱丄奀娸慄偺憤墑挿偼俀侽侽倠倣偵払偟丄偦偺俁暘偺俀偼僒儞僑徥傪宍惉偟偰偄傞丅偦偺攚屻丄偮傑傝搶懁偵偼僷儔僫儞摨條丄僔僄儔丒儅僪儗嶳柆偑墶偨傢傝丄嶳偺幬柺偵偼擬懷塉椦偑峀偑傝丄惣懁偺抧堟偲偺岎捠傪崲擄偵偟偰偄傞丅僇僔僌儔儞抧堟慡懱偺憤柺愊偼俈侽侽暯曽僉儘偱偁傞乮恾侾乯丅

丂僱僌儕僩乮偙偙偱傕僷儔僫儞摨條丄傾僌僞偲屇偽傟偰偄傞乯偲掅抧柉乮僇僔僌儔儞偲屇偽傟偰偄傞乯偺恖岥偼丄侾俋俇侾擭摉帪偺摑寁偵傛傞偲丄傾僌僞1.000恖丄僇僔僌儔儞偑侾枩恖偱丄椉曽崌傢偣偨恖岥枾搙偼1.5恖乛倠噓偱偁偭偨偑丄侾俋俉係擭偵偼傾僌僞俇侽侽恖丄僇僔僌儔儞偑俁枩俆愮恖偱丄恖岥枾搙偼俆侾恖乛倠噓偲戝暆偵憹壛偟偰偄傞丅偙偺棟桼偼丄夁嫀俀侽擭娫偵偍偗傞僼傿儕僺儞掅抧幮夛偵偍偗傞恖岥憹壛偲偦傟偵傛偭偰堷偒婲偙偝傟傞堏柉丄奐戱柉偺憹壛偵尨場偑媮傔傜傟傞丅偦偺堦曽偱傾僌僞偺恖岥偼妋幚偵尭彮偟偰偄傞丅

丂僿僢僪儔儞僪偼俇侽擭戙偐傜僇僔僌儔儞偱儈僢僔儑儞妶摦傪峴側偄側偑傜丄傑偢傾僌僞偺尵岅挷嵏傪峴側偭偰偒偨偑丄俈侽擭戙屻敿偐傜偼惗寁妶摦傪拞怱偲偡傞恖椶妛揑挷嵏傪峴側偆傛偆偵側偭偨乮Headland 1986乯丅

丂偦偺惗寁妶摦偺惈奿偐傜丄僿僢僪儔儞僪偼僇僔僌儔儞傾僌僞傪丄彜嬈揑庪椔嵦廤柉乮commercial hunter-gatherer乯偲屇傫偱偄傞乮 Headland 1986:77乯丅偙傟偼僇僔僌儔儞偺帺慠娐嫬偑丄傾僌僞偑庪椔妶摦傪傎偲傫偳峴側偊側偄偔傜偄偵埆壔偟偰偄傞偙偲偵婲場偟偰偄傞丅偙偺娐嫬壓偱傾僌僞偼偦偺楯摥椡傪帒杮偲偟偰丄掅抧擾峩柉偲僷僩儘儞丒僋儔僀傾儞僩娭學偺側偐偱惗偒偰偄傞丅偮傑傝傾僌僞偼僇僔僌儔儞擾柉偺怽偟弌偵墳偠偰嶳拞偵擖傝丄赓乮儔僞儞乯偺嵦廤傪峴側偭偨傝丄擾嶌嬈偺庤揱偄傪偟偰丄僐儊傗僩僂儌儘僐僔側偳偺庡怘傗偦偺懠偺惗妶嶨壿傪庴偗偲偭偰偄傞丅偙傟偱偼擾嬈楯摥幰偲曄傢傝偑側偄偑丄幚偼傾僌僞偵偲偭偰傾僋僙僗偑梕堈側丄傕偭偲傕楯摥搳壓検偑彮側偄惗寁愴棯偱偁傞丅傾僌僞抝彈偺侾俉僇寧娫偺妶摦暿楯摥搳壓偺帪娫攝暘傪傒傞偲丄嵟戝偑儔僞儞偺嵦廤偱丄埲壓丄僇僔僌儔儞擾抧偱偺擾嬈楯摥丄帺暘偨偪偺敤偱偺擾嶌嬈丄嫏潩丄擾嶌嬈埲奜偺捓楯摥丄摴嬶偺堐帩丒娗棟丄庪椔偺弴偲側傝丄傕偭偲傕帪娫傪偝偄偰偄側偄妶摦偼怉暔惈怘暔偺嵦廤妶摦偱偁偭偨(Headland 1986:557-562)丅

丂偙偺傛偆側傾僌僞偺惗寁妶摦偺偁傝曽偼丄摨帪偵愛庢偡傞怘暔偺僶儔僄僥傿乕偲検偵傕斀塮偝傟偰偄傞丅傾僌僞偺庡怘偵偮偄偰俆儢寧娫丄俆俆俉夞偺怘帠偵偮偄偰挷嵏偟偨偲偙傠丄僐儊傪怘傋偨夞悢偑俋侽亾埲忋傪愯傔偰偄偨丅偝傜偵俆儢寧娫丄係俇侽夞偺怘帠偺暃怘偵偮偄偰偺寢壥偼丄嫑奓椶偑俆俁亾偱丄暃怘側偟偑俀俀亾丄栰嵷側偳偑侾俀亾丄峸擖偟偨僶僑僆儞乮嫑傗僄價偐傜嶌傞墫恏偺椶乯傗娛媗偑俋亾丄僀僲僔僔側偳庪椔妶摦偵傛傝妉摼偟偨擏偑俆亾偱偁偭偨(Headland 1986:553-556)丅庡怘偺僐儊偼傾僌僞帺恎偑嵧攟偟偨僆僇儃偱偼側偔丄偦偺傎偲傫偳偼擾峩柉僇僔僌儔儞偐傜丄擾嶌嬈偺楯摥曬廣偲偟偰庴偗偲偭偨傕偺偱偁傞丅偄偢傟偵偟偰傕偙偺庡怘丒暃怘偺偁傝曽偼丄忋婰偺楯摥搳壓偺幚懺偲枾愙偵娭楢偟偰偍傝丄傾僌僞偺楯摥偲偦偺曬廣傪柧妋偵斀塮偡傞傕偺偲側偭偰偄傞丅傢傟傢傟偑庪椔嵦廤柉偵昤偔僀儊乕僕偐傜丄偐側傝墦偄偲偙傠偵僇僔僌儔儞丒傾僌僞偺惗妶偺尰忬偑偁傞偙偲偵嬃偐偝傟傞丅暘愅偺榞慻傒偺堘偄偑戝偒側尨場偲峫偊傜傟傞偑丄僷儔僫儞抧堟偺傾僌僞偲斾傋偰丄僇僔僌儔儞丒傾僌僞偑庪椔嵦廤柉杮棃偺惗寁妶摦偐傜丄偄偐偵偐偗棧傟偰偄傞偐偑暘偐傞丅

丂僇僔僌儔儞偺傾僌僞偲擾峩柉偺乽岎姺乿娭學傪丄僿僢僪儔儞僪偼憡棙嫟惗娭學偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅偮傑傝丄傾僌僞丒僇僔僌儔儞娫偺乽岎姺乿偼丄俀偮偺惗嬈宍懺偑堎側傞廤抍偑丄偦傟偧傟偺帺慠娐嫬偵揔偟偨偐偨偪偱楯摥椡傪摿庩壔偟丄屳偄偺惗寁忋偺寚懝晹暘傪曗姰偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄屳偄偵堎側傞惗懺揑抧埵偵偁傝側偑傜丄慡懱偲偟偰堦偮偺 惗懺僔僗僥儉傪宍惉偟偰偄傞丄偲偡傞傕偺偱偁傞丅幚嵺僿僢僪儔儞僪偺愢柧偼丄僺乕僞乕僜儞偑僷儔僫儞抧堟偺傾僌僞偲擾峩柉偺乽岎姺乿娭學傪丄乽岎姺揔墳乿偲偟偰採帵偟偨愢柧偲曄傢傞偲偙傠偑側偄丅偟偐偟忋偱傒偰偒偨傛偆偵丄椉幰偑昤偄偨柉懓帍偼幙揑偵戝偒偔堎側偭偰偄傞丅偮傑傝僺乕僞乕僜儞偑昤偔僷儔僫儞偺応崌偼丄乽埨掕揑乿偱乽恄榖揑乿偱偁傞偑丄僿僢僪儔儞僪偑昤偔僇僔僌儔儞偺応崌偼丄乽晄嬒峵乿偱乽尰幚揑乿偱偁傞丅椉幰偺惗寁妶摦偺幚懺傪傒傟偽偦偺堘偄偼柧傜偐偱偁傞丅

丂偱偼偙偺堘偄偼偳偙偐傜惗婲偟偨傕偺偱偁傠偆偐丠偦傟偼乽岎姺乿傪丄媄弍傗惗懺偺帇妏偐傜傒偰偄傞偐傜偱偁偭偰丄偦偙偵傾僌僞丒擾峩柉椉幰偺幮夛揑娭學偲偄偆帇妏傪摼傞偲乽岎姺乿偺尰幚偑傛傝慛柧偵側傞丅

丂傾僌僞偲擾峩柉偺幮夛揑娭學傪丄側偤傾僌僞偼擾峩傪摫擖偟側偄偺偐丄偲偄偆娤揰偐傜峫偊偰傒偨偄丅偙偺愝栤偼堦尒丄偄偐偵傕媄弍揑丒惗懺揑娤揰偺傛偆偵傒偊傞丅偟偐偟丄庪椔嵦廤柉偼擾峩偲偄偆媄弍傪抦傜側偐偭偨偺偱偼側偔丄慖戰偟側偐偭偨偺偩偲峫偊傟偽丄幮夛揑娭學偺廳梫惈偑晜偒挙傝偵偝傟偰偔傞丅僿僢僪儔儞僪偺曬崘偵偼丄傾僌僞偑從敤傗忢敤偁傞偼悈揷峩嶌傪偼偠傔傛偆偲偡傞偲丄偡偖偵擾峩柉偲偺搚抧傪傔偖傞嫞憟偵娮偭偰偟傑偆帠椺偑婰偝傟偰偄傞(Headland 1986:426-434)丅偟偐傕偙偺傛偆側帠椺偼夁嫀偵偡偱偵壗搙傕偁偭偰丄傾僌僞傕擾峩柉偲偺乽嫞憟乿偑偳偺傛偆側寢壥傪彽偔傕偺偱偁傞偐傪傛偔擣幆偟偰偄傞丅偮傑傝傾僌僞傛傝傕偼傞偐偵戝偒側恖岥傪傕偮擾峩柉偲丄搚抧憟偄傪偟偰傕彑偪栚偼側偄偙偲傪傛偔抦偭偰偄傞丅偙偺傛偆側応崌偵傾僌僞偼丄擾峩柉偵帺暘偨偪偺敤傪扗傢傟偰傕丄偨偩栙偭偰堷偒偝偑傞偺傒偱偁傞丅

丂傾僌僞偲擾峩柉偺娫偺搚抧憟偄偵娭楢偟偰丄惌晎庡摫偵傛傞傾僌僞掕廧壔惌嶔偑丄偙傟傑偱偄偔搙傕幐攕偟偰偒偨帠椺傪傒偰傒傛偆丅偙偺棟桼偲偟偰傛偔岅傜傟傞偺偼乮幚偼擾峩柉懁偺岅傝岥偱偁傞偑乯丄傾僌僞偼惌晎偺栶恖偑掕廧僉儍儞僾傪嫀傞偲丄嶳傊栠偭偰偟傑偆偲偄偆傕偺偱偁傞丅掅抧偵掕廧偡傞偙偲偱丄儅儔儕儎丄僐儗儔側偳偺昦婥偵偐偐傞丅偦傟傪嫲傟偰丄掕廧僉儍儞僾偺敤傪幪偰偰嶳偵栠傞偲偄偆愢柧偱偁傞丅偟偐偟僿僢僪儔儞僪偵傛傞偲丄栶恖偑棫偪嫀偭偨屻偵丄傾僌僞偑偦傟傑偱峩偟偨從敤傪丄擾峩柉偑偝偭偦偔墶庢傝偟傛偆偲偟偰丄傾僌僞傪嶳傊捛偄傗偭偰偄傞偲偄偆(Headland 1986:431-4)丅傑偨擾峩柉偼丄傾僌僞偵棅偭偰偄傞怷椦嶻暔傗擾嶌嬈偺楯摥椡丄怷椦撪偺僈僀僪側偳偺彆椡偑堷偒偮偯偒昁梫側偨傔丄掕廧壔偝傟偰偼偙傑傞偺偱偁傞丅擾峩柉偼堷偒偮偯偒丄傾僌僞偲偺僷僩儘儞丒僋儔僀傾儞僩娭學傪朷傫偱偄傞偺偱偁傞丅偙偺傛偆側帠椺偼丄傾僌僞偑擾峩傪慖戰偟側偄偺偼丄媄弍揑偵崲擄偱斵傜偺惗妶廗姷偵傕崌傢側偄偲偄偆偦傟傑偱偺愢柧傪戝偒偔暍偡傕偺偱偁傞丅偙偺応崌丄傾僌僞偑擾峩傪慖戰偟側偄偺偼丄傓偟傠擾峩柉偑偦傟傪朷傑側偄偐傜偱偁傞丅

丂偝傜偵傾僌僞偑擾峩傪慖戰偟側偄暿偺棟桼傪丄庪椔嵦廤柉偲偟偰偺傾僌僞偺幮夛尨棟偺拞偵傕傒偄偩偡偙偲偑壜擻偱偁傞丅傾僌僞帺恎偑敤偱惗嶻偡傞擾嶌暔偼丄斵傜偺暯摍庡媊偺尨懃偵偟偨偑偭偰丄擏傗偦偺懠偺怘椏摨條丄暘攝偺懳徾偲側傞丅傾僌僞偑乽恀惓乿側擾峩柉偲側傞偨傔偵偼丄斵傜偺幮夛尨棟偱偁傞暘攝偺尨懃乮偦偟偰暯摍尨棟乯偐傜丄擾峩柉偵摿挜揑側挋憼乮偦偟偰巹桳嵿嶻乯傊偲戝偒側旘桇偑昁梫偱偁傞丅偝傜偵梀摦惗妶(nomadism)偲偦傟偵傛偭偰宍偯偔傜傟傞庪椔嵦廤柉偺幮夛峔憿丄惗嶻條幃慡斒偵傢偨傞戝曄妚偑昁梫偱偁傞丅

丂偙偺揰偵娭楢偟偰丄僇僔僌儔儞偱庢傝偁偘傜傟偰偄傞帠椺偼丄傾僌僞偺僉儍儞僾傛傝傕偝傜偵嶳墱偵掕廧偟丄悈揷峩嶌傪塩傒擾峩柉偵側傠偆偲偡傞傾僌僞壠懓偺幚懺偱偁傞(Headland1986:425)丅偙偺壠懓偼傾僌僞偲偟偰惗偒傞偙偲傪嫅斲偟丄擾峩柉偺惗妶條幃丄壙抣娤偵偟偨偑偭偰惗偒傛偆偲偡傞丅嶳墱偱偝傑偞傑側崲擄偑偁傞偵傕娭傢傜偢丄悈揷峩嶌傪峴側偍偆偲偡傞丅尵岅傕擔忢揑偵僇僔僌儔儞岅傗僀儘僇僲岅傪榖偟偰偄傞丅懅巕偨偪偼傾僌僞偺彈惈傪寢崶憡庤偲偟偰傆偝傢偟偄傕偺偲擣幆偟偰偄側偄丅偙偺帠椺偼丄傾僌僞偑擾峩柉偵揮姺偡傞偡傞偲偄偆偙偲偼丄摨帪偵丄庪椔嵦庢柉偲偟偰偺傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿丄帺暥壔丄帺廤抍偦偟偰傾僌僞宱嵪僔僗僥儉偲偺寛暿傪堄枴偟偰偄傞偙偲傪暔岅偭偰偄傞丅

丂偟偐偟丄偙傟傎偳傑偱偵擾峩柉偵側傠偆偲搘椡偟偰傕丄斵傜偑側傟傞偺偼傕偭偲傕昻偟偄擾峩柉偱偁傞丅偦偺偆偊丄崱偱偙偦斵傜偺峩嶌抧偼嶳墱偵偁傞偑丄擾峩柉偺恖岥偑憹壛偡傟偽嶳墱傑偱恑弌偟偰偒偰丄擾峩柉偲偺搚抧傪傔偖傞嫞憟偺婋尟惈偑昞柺壔偡傞丅傾僌僞偑擾峩柉偵側傠偆偲偡傟偽丄懡戝側搘椡偑昁梫偱偁傞偲偄偆偙偲偑撉幰偵傕傢偐偭偰偄偨偩偗傞偲巚偆丅傓偟傠傾僌僞偺戝敿偼丄擾峩柉偲偺嫞憟傪偁偊偰旔偗傞摴傪慖戰偟偨偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

丂

丂乽岎姺乿傪傔偖傞俀偮偺帠椺偲媍榑傪傒偰偒偨丅僺乕僞乕僜儞偺乽岎姺揔墳乿偼丄僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偲偺岎姺娭學偑丄慡懱偲偟偰堦偮偺埨掕偟偨惗懺僔僗僥儉傪宍惉偟偰偄傞偙偲傪帵偟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟僔僗僥儉偺埨掕惈偽偐傝傪嫮挷偡傞偲丄僱僌儕僩偑偍偐傟偰偄傞尰幚傪尒幐偆偙偲偵傕側傝偐偹側偄丅僿僢僪儔儞僪偺乽嫟惗娭學乿偑採帵偟偰偄傞偺偼丄傛傝嫮戝側廤抍乮掅抧擾峩柉乯偵椬愙偟丄摨壔丒媧廂偺婋婡偵捈柺偟丄捛偄偮傔傜傟偨庪椔嵦廤柉偑慖傫偩揔墳愴棯偱偁傞丅

丂偙偙偱媍榑偑旔偗傜傟側偄偺偼丄尰嵼庪椔嵦廤柉偑偍偐傟偰偄傞忬嫷偼丄嬤戙偺悽奅僔僗僥儉偑怹摟偟偨寢壥偱偁傝丄夁嫀偵偍偄偰偼堎側偭偨忬嫷傪憐掕偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄偲偡傞僂僀儖儉僙儞偵戙昞偝傟傞廋惓庡媊幰乮revisionists乯偺庡挘偱偁傞乮Wilmsen 1983, Stiles 1992, Shott 1992乯丅偟偐偟偙偙偱偼廋惓庡媊傎偳偵丄嫮楏側尰忬斲掕傪巟帩偡傞偺偱偼側偔丄偨偩僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偑宍惉偟偰偄傞僔僗僥儉傪丄偁傑傝偵傕埨掕揑側傕偺偲偟偰庴偗偄傟傞偙偲偵懳偟偰拲堄傪姭婲偡傞偵偲偳傔偰偍偒偨偄乮廋惓庡媊幰偲揱摑庡媊幰偺榑憟丄偦偟偰偙偺榑憟傪忔傝偙偊傞偨傔偵廳梫側峫屆妛偺栶妱偵偮偄偰偼丄彉榑僗僠儏傾乕僩榑暥嶲徠乯丅

丂丂

IV丏嫟惗娭學偼偳偺偔傜偄慿傟傞偐丠

丂偝偰挿偄娫丄恖椶妛偺媍榑傪偮偯偗偰偒偨偑丄偙偙偐傜偼峫屆妛偺栤戣偵擖偭偰偄偒偨偄丅偙傟傑偱傒偰偒偨丄僱僌儕僩偲掅抧擾峩柉偺娫偺嫟惗娭學偺儌僨儖傪丄搶撿傾僕傾偺夁嫀偁傞偄偼峫屆妛偵偁偰偼傔偰傒傞偲偳偆側傞偩傠偆偐丠丂僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偲偺娫偵傒傜傟傞岎姺偺傛偆偵丄妋屌偲偟偨丄偁傞偄偼惂搙壔傑偱偝傟偰偄傞乮僷儔僫儞偺僀僶僀偺傛偆偵乯娭學偑惉棫偡傞攚宨偵偼丄乽岎姺乿傪宊婡偲偟偨嫟惗偺楌巎偑丄偐側傝屆偄傕偺丄楌巎揑怺搙傪傕偭偨傕偺偱偁傞壜擻惈傪憐掕偟偰偍偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偙偺揰傪傆傑偊偰埲壓偱偼丄嫟惗娭學偺儌僨儖傪夁嫀偵揔梡偡傞嵺丄峫偊偰偍偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄俀偮偺峫屆妛忋偺栤戣傪専摙偡傞丅

 

(1)峫屆妛揑榞慻傒偺嵞専摙

丂嫟惗儌僨儖偑峫屆妛偵採婲偟偰偄傞嵟弶偺栤戣揰偼丄峫屆妛偺妛栤揑榞慻傒帺懱偵娭傢傞栤戣偱偁傞丅峫屆妛偱偼丄摿掕偺堚愓偐傜弌搚偟偨堚暔偼丄摿掕偺帪娫傗嬻娫丄媄弍傗惗嬈宍懺丄偁傞偄偼恖娫廤抍傗幮夛慻怐偲屳偄偵娭學偯偗傜傟丄偦傟傜暥壔椶宆偺巜昗偲偝傟偰偄傞丅偦偙偱愇婍偲媽愇婍帪戙丒庪椔嵦廤宱嵪丄搚婍偲怴愇婍帪戙丒擾峩偲偄偆暥壔抜奒偺巜昗偲偟偰峫屆堚暔偑埵抲偯偗傜傟偰偄傞丅堚愓偐傜弌搚偟偨堦曅偺搚婍曅偼丄偦偺攚屻偵偁傞偑栚偵傒偊側偄乽娭學乿偺栐偺丄堦偮偺寢傃栚偵埵抲偯偗傜傟偰偄傞丅偦偺乽娭學乿偼丄搚婍惢嶌幰偲偦偺嶌嬈応偵偼偠傑偭偰丄偦偺廤棊偲幮夛慻怐丄偝傜偵懠偺廤棊偲偺幮夛揑丒惌帯揑娭學丄偦偟偰抧堟偐傜帪戙傊偲丄奼戝偟偰偄偔丅偡傋偰偺峫屆妛幰偼偙偺妛栤揑榞慻傒傪帺柧側傕偺偲偟偰尋媶傪峴側偭偰偄傞丅偦偟偰惣墷傪拞怱偲偡傞悽奅偺堦晹抧堟偱偼丄偙偺榞慻傒偑戝曄桳岠偵婡擻偟偰偒偨丅

丂偟偐偟丄尰嵼偱傕庪椔嵦廤柉偑懚懕偟偰偄傞搶撿傾僕傾偵偍偄偰丄庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偑摨帪戙揑偵崿嵼偡傞擾峩弌尰埲崀偺帪婜偵丄抜奒揑丒夋堦揑偵椫愗傝偵偝傟偨帪娫偲摿掕偺峫屆堚暔傪寢傃偮偗傜傟傞傕偺偱偁傠偆偐丠搚婍傗揝婍偑弌搚偡傟偽擾峩柉偺堚愓偲偝傟丄愇婍偑弌搚偡傟偽庪椔嵦廤柉偺堚愓偱偁傞偲抐尵偱偒傞偺偱偁傠偆偐丅搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛偺幚嵺偼丄搚婍丒揝婍丒愇婍偝傜偵偼拞崙摡帴婍偑摨堦暥壔憌拞偐傜弌搚偡傞帠椺偑偟偽偟偽傒傜傟傞偺偱偼側偄偩傠偆偐丅

丂偨偟偐偵恖椶巎偵偍偗傞媄弍偺敪揥偼丄愇婍丒搚婍丒惵摵婍丒揝婍偲偄偆彉楍偱婲偙偭偨丅偦偟偰庪椔嵦廤柉偑丄搚婍傗揝婍傪帺傜嶌傝弌偟偰偄傞帠椺偼彮側偄偙偲傕偨偟偐偱偁傞丅偟偐偟媄弍偺攇媦丄恖傗傕偺偺堏摦偼忢偵憐掕偟偰偍偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄丄傑偟偰傗僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偺乽岎姺乿偑偡偱偵挿偄楌巎傪傕偭偰懚嵼偟偰偄偨偲憐掕偝傟傞搶撿傾僕傾偺愭巎帪戙偵偍偄偰偼丄搚婍傗揝婍偺惢嶌幰偱偼側偄庪椔嵦廤柉偑偙傟傜傪強桳偟丄棙梡偟偰偄偨偲峫偊傞偺偑帺慠偱偁傞丅

丂僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偺岎姺娭學偑丄搶撿傾僕傾偺夁嫀偵偍偄偰傕懚嵼偟偨偲憐掕偡傞帪丄夋堦揑側暥壔敪揥偺榞慻傒傪摉偰偼傔傞偙偲偼偱偒側偄丅媄弍儗儀儖丄幮夛揑摑崌偺儗儀儖偑堎側傞廤抍偑丄屳偄偵暋嶨側娭學傪傕偪丄塭嬁偟偁偆忬嫷傪憐掕偟偰偍偔昁梫偑偁傞丅偟偐偟偙偺傛偆側暋嶨側峫屆妛揑忬嫷壓偱偼丄傑偢堚愓偺乽扴偄庤乿偑栤戣偲側傞丅堦偮偺堚愓偐傜愇婍傗搚婍丄応崌偵傛偭偰偼摡帴婍偑摨偠儗儀儖偱弌搚偡傞忬嫷偐傜丄堚愓傪宍惉偟偨恖乆偺惗嬈宍懺傪摿掕偡傞偙偲偼崲擄側嶌嬈偱偁傞丅堚愓偐傜弌搚偟偨摿掕偺堚暔偐傜偦偺堚愓偑庪椔嵦廤柉偺傕偺偱偁傞偐丄擾峩柉偺傕偺偱偁傞偐偲偄偆敾抐偼梕堈偱偼側偄丅偐偮偰儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偺僀僞偑壨尨偵塩傫偱偄偨僉儍儞僾毈傪攑婞捈屻偵娤嶡偟偨寢壥偐傜偼丄嵎偟妡偗彫壆偺偁偲偵壨尨愇偺偔傏傒偲楩毈偲傒傜傟傞扽壔暔偺巆懚丄偦偟偰惗寁妶摦偺巆熸偲偟偰攑婞偝傟偨赓傗儎僔壢怉暔偺慇堐側偳偑傢偢偐偵嶶棎偟偰偄傞條巕傪偆偐偑偊偨掱搙偱偁偭偨丅偙偺傛偆側廤棊毈偼傂偲偨傃戝塉偵棳偝傟傟偽丄屻悽丄敪孈偵傛偭偰敪尒偝傟傞壜擻惈偼旕忢偵彮側偄偲峫偊偞傞傪偊側偄丅夁嫀偵偍偗傞庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆帒椏偵偍偄偰傕丄搚婍傪嫟敽偟側偄丄侾枩擭慜偺擭戙傪傕偮堚愓偱偁傟偽庪椔嵦廤柉偺傕偺偲敾抐偱偒傞偑丄偙偙偱栤戣偲偟偰偄傞僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偺乽娭學乿偺帪戙偵丄庪椔嵦廤柉偺堚愓偲抐掕偱偒傞柧妋側帒椏偼側偄丅堚愓偺乽扴偄庤乿傪摿掕偡傞偵偼傂偲偮偺堚暔傗堚愓偺儗儀儖傪墇偊偨帒椏偑昁梫偲側偭偰偔傞偺偱偁傞丅

丂偱偼偳偺傛偆側曽朄偱庪椔嵦廤柉丄擾峩柉偑偦傟偧傟塩傫偩堚愓傪摿掕偱偒傞偺偩傠偆偐丅偙傟偵偼摿岠栻偼側偄偑丄堚愓偺棫抧忦審丄堚愓廃埻偺屆娐嫬僨乕僞丄惗寁妶摦偺帒椏丄偁傞堚暔偑堚暔慡懱偺拞偱愯傔傞妱崌丄摿掕偺堚暔偺廤拞偺搙崌偄丄摴嬶惢嶌偺巆熸偺桳柍側偳丄偙傟傜傕傠傕傠偺帒椏偺娭楢惈偺拞偱憤崌揑偵堚愓偺扴偄庤傪敾抐偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偝傜偵堚愓偺扴偄庤偺栤戣傪丄廤棊偐傜抧堟揑側廤棊孮慡懱偵峀偘丄帪戙揑曄壔傪捛媮偡傞偙偲偱丄庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偺娭學偺楌巎偑柧傜偐偵側傞偱偁傠偆丅峫屆妛揑曽朄偲偟偰偼丄抧棟揑偵尷掕偝傟偨抧堟慡懱偺堚愓孮偺惈奿傪柧傜偐偵偟丄偦偺帪娫揑曄壔傪捛媮偡傞僙僥儖儊儞僩傾乕働僆儘僕乕偺庤朄偑昁梫偱偁傞丅

丂搶撿傾僕傾偵偍偗傞庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆妛偼暋嶨側栤戣傪書偊偰偄傞偲偄偊傞丅偟偐偟偙偙偱庢傝偁偘偨峫屆妛忋偺栤戣揰偼丄扨偵搶撿傾僕傾偲偄偆摿掕偺抧堟偵丄偦偟偰庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆妛偲偄偆摿掕偺壽戣偵尷掕偝傟偨栤戣偱偼側偄丅暥壔抜奒偺揮姺婜丄偁傞偄偼暥壔抜奒偺揟宆傪帵偡拞怱抧堟偐傜傒傞偲廃曈偵埵抲偡傞抧堟偵偍偄偰偼丄尦棃丄暿乆偺暥壔抜奒偵懏偡傋偒媄弍偑摨帪偵崿嵼偡傞偙偲偼傛偔抦傜傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟嵟嬤傑偱偙偺傛偆側暥柧偺婸偐偟偄曽岦惈偐傜乽庢傝偺偙偝傟偨乿帪戙傗抧堟偺栤戣偼丄峫屆妛揑側椺奜偲偟偰抲偒偞傝偵偝傟偰偒偨偟丄媍榑偺拞怱偵偼側傝偊側偐偭偨丅丂庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偲偺岎姺娭學偑峫屆妛偵採帵偟偰偄傞怴偨側妛栤揑榞慻傒偼丄偙傟傑偱峫屆妛偑庢傝埖偭偰偙側偐偭偨丄偁傞偄偼晄摼庤偲偟偰偒偨栤戣偵怴偨側摴傪奐偔壜擻惈傪傕偭偰偄傞丅摨條偺榞慻傒偼丄搶儓乕儘僢僷偺拞愇婍帪戙偐傜怴愇婍帪戙偲偄偆暥壔抜奒偺揮姺婜偺尋媶偵傕梡偄傜傟偰偄傞乮Gregg 1988, 1991,  Zvelebell 1981, 1986乯丅偙偺傛偆側峫屆妛揑栤戣偑側偤崱擔傑偱媍榑偺懳徾偵側傜側偐偭偨偺偐丠丂偦偺棟桼偼柧敀偱偁傞丅庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偺乽岎姺乿傗廃曈抧堟偺尷傜傟偨帪婜偺峫屆妛揑栤戣偼丄婸偐偟偄暥柧傊偺恑壔偺摴嬝偐傜庢傝偺偙偝傟偨栤戣偱偁傞偨傔丄娭怱傪岦偗傜傟傞偙偲偑偁傑傝側偐偭偨偐傜偱偁傞丅峫屆妛幰偺尋媶懳徾偼丄偳偺傛偆偵恖椶偼恑曕偟偰偒偨偐偱偁傝丄楌巎偺婰弎傕暥柧傪巜岦偟偨昤偒曽偱偁偭偨丅摨偠庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆妛偱傕丄堦掕偺曽岦惈傪傕偭偨丄偮傑傝恑壔傊偺摴嬝側傜丄媽愇婍帪戙尋媶偺墹摴偱偁傞丅偟偐偟暥柧傊偺曽岦惈偐傜庢傝偺偙偝傟偨栤戣偼丄偁傑傝婸偐偟偔側偄傕偺偲偟偰媍榑偺懳徾偲偼側傜側偐偭偨丅偦傟備偊拞怱揑側尋媶懳徾偵側傞偙偲傕側偔丄峫屆帒椏偑彮側偄偺偑尰忬偱偁傞丅

丂尋媶偺乽墹摴乿偐傜偼偢傟偨栤戣傊偺傾僾儘乕僠偼丄旕忢偵暋嶨側庤偮偯偒傪宱偰夝寛偝傟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偦偺庤偮偯偒偼峫屆妛偺挷嵏曽朄偵尷掕偝傟偨傕偺偱偼側偔丄扨弮側傕偺偐傜暋嶨側傕偺傊丄愨偊偢曄壔偺曽岦惈傪柾嶕偡傞暥壔偺捛媮偺傒偑丄尋媶壙抣偑偁傞傕偺偲偡傞曃尒傪傕夝徚偟偰峴偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偝傕側偗傟偽彨棃偵傢偨偭偰丄乽庪椔嵦廤柉偼媽愇婍帪戙偺惗偒偺偙傝偱偁傞乿偲偡傞愭擖娤偑惗偒偮偯偗傞偙偲偵側傞丅偟偐傕偦偆偟偨曃尒傗愭擖娤傪傕偭偰偄傞傢傟傢傟尋媶幰偵傛偭偰丄戝晹暘偺楌巎偑尋媶偝傟丄婰弎偝傟傞偺偱偁傞丅恖椶巎偺拞偵偼丄恑壔傗敪揥偩偗偱側偔丄暥柧傊偲岦偐傢側偄曽岦惈傕偁傞偺偩偲偄偆擣幆偑昁梫偱偁傞丅擾峩奐巒埲崀偐傜尰嵼傑偱偺堦枩擭娫偵丄庪椔嵦廤柉偑偨偳偭偰偒偨摴嬝偼妋偐偵婸偐偟偄暥柧傊偲偼岦偐傢側偐偭偨丅偟偐偟偦偺夁掱偱丄斵傜偑乽惗偒偺傃傞乿偨傔偵偼丄偝傑偞傑側揔墳愴棯偑嵦傜傟偰偒偨偙偲偼柧傜偐偱偁傞丅尰嵼丄僱僌儕僩偲擾峩柉偺娫偵傒傜傟傞丄乽岎姺乿傪攠夘偲偡傞彅娭學傕偦偺愴棯偺堦偮偱偁傞丅乽恑壔乿偲偄偆妛弍梡岅偼尦棃丄惗暔偺揔墳夁掱傪帵偟偰偄傞丅偦偟偰庪椔嵦廤柉偑尰嵼傑偱惗偒偺傃偰偒偨僾儘僙僗傕乽恑壔乿偺堦偮偺偁傝曽偲偄偆偙偲偑偱偒傛偆丅

 

乮俀乯庪椔嵦廤柉偼擬懷塉椦偱帺棫偱偒偰偄偨偺偐丠

丂嫟惗娭學儌僨儖傪搶撿傾僕傾偺夁嫀偵揔梡偡傞嵺丄峫屆妛偺栤戣偲偟偰峫偊偰偍偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄俀偮栚偺揰偼丄傢傟傢傟尋媶幰偑庪椔嵦廤柉偵懳偟偰昤偄偰偄傞僀儊乕僕偺栤戣偵抂傪敪偟偰偄傞丅偡偱偵忋偱弎傋偨丄敪揥曽岦捛媮偺僶僀傾僗偲摨條側栤戣偱偁傞偑丄偙偙偱偼傢傟傢傟偑僀儊乕僕偺拞偵昤偄偰偄傞丄乽帺棫偟偨懚嵼乿偲偟偰偺庪椔嵦廤柉偺栤戣偱偁傞丅乽帺棫偟偨懚嵼乿偲偼丄廃曈偺懠偺廤抍偐傜撈棫丄妘愨偟偰岎徛傪傕偨偢丄惗寁傪塩傫偱偄傞偙偲傪巜偡丅偙偺僀儊乕僕偼乽恀惓側乿偁傞偄偼乽弮悎側乿庪椔嵦廤柉偲屇傇偙偲偑偱偒傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅偼偠傔偐傜懡偔偺尋媶幰偑丄庪椔嵦廤柉偼尰嵼偱傕廃埻偺懠廤抍丄偙偲偵惗嬈宍懺傪堎偵偡傞廤抍偲側傫偺岎徛傕傕偨偢偵丄撈棫偟偰惗寁傪塩傫偱偄傞偲憐掕偟偰偄傞側傜丄嫟惗儌僨儖傪庴偗擖傟傞慺抧偑偁傜偐偠傔扗傢傟偰偄傞偙偲偵側傞丅偦偟偰幚嵺丄僿僢僪儔儞僪傜乮Headland 1987丗464-7, Headland and Reid丂1989,1991乯偲僶僀儕乕傜乮Bailey et al. 1989丗59-60乯偼丄尰嵼偱傕嬃偔傎偳懡偔偺尋媶幰偑丄堎側偭偨惗嬈宍懺傪傕偮廤抍偐傜丄撈棫偟偰惗寁傪塩傓庪椔嵦廤柉偺巔傪昤偄偰偄傞偲巜揈偟丄偙偺愭擖娤偺嵞専摙傪慽偊偰偄傞丅

丂擬懷塉椦娐嫬壓偵偍偗傞庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偲偺嫟惗娭學偺尋媶傪丄搶撿傾僕傾偲撿暷偱屳偄偺懚嵼傪抦傜偢偵恑傔偰偄偨僿僢僪儔儞僪傜俀恖偼丄悽奅偺擬懷娐嫬壓偱曢傜偡庪椔嵦廤柉偺柉懓帍偲峫屆妛帒椏傪専摙偟偨寢壥丄偦傕偦傕庪椔嵦廤柉偼丄擾峩柉偲偺捈愙偁傞偄偼娫愙揑側娭學側偟偵乮偙偺応崌丄擾峩偺塭嬁偲偼丄岎姺偺傛偆側擾峩柉偲偺捈愙揑側娭學偽偐傝偱偼側偔丄嶌暔嵧攟偵傛傞擬懷塉椦娐嫬偺夵曄側偳傕娷傓乯丄扨撈偱惗寁傪塩傓偙偲偑壜擻偱偁偭偨偺偐丠偲偄偆摨偠媈栤偵摓払偟偨丅姺尵偡傟偽丄懠偺廤抍偲偺岎棳傪傕偨偢丄乽恀惓乿偱丄乽弮悎乿側庪椔嵦廤柉偑丄擬懷塉椦娐嫬壓偱懚懕偟摼偨偐偲偄偆媈栤偱偁傞丅僿僢僪儔儞僪傜偼偦偺屻丄嶨帍榑暥偱屳偄偺懚嵼偲尋媶傪抦傝丄1990擭偵搶撿傾僕傾丄撿暷丄傾僼儕僇偺擬懷塉椦偵偡傓庪椔嵦廤柉偵偮偄偰尋媶偡傞恖椶妛丒峫屆妛幰傪廤傔丄偙偺栤戣偵偮偄偰僔儞億僕僂儉傪奐偄偰偄傞乮Headland and Bailey 1991乯丅偙偙偵偍偄偰乽岎姺乿傪攠夘偲偟偨乽嫟惗娭學乿偺儌僨儖偼丄悽奅拞偺擬懷塉椦偱偐偮偰惗妶偟偰偄偨庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆妛揑帒椏傪傕偲偵偟偰丄嵞専摙偝傟傞偙偲偵側偭偨(Brosius 1991:儃儖僱僆, Endicott and Bellwood 1991: 儅儗乕敿搰,  Dwyer and Minnegal 1991:僯儏乕僊僯傾, Bahuchet, McKey, and de Garine 1991:僐儞僑, Stearman 1991:儃儕價傾)丅

丂庪椔嵦廤柉偼丄擾峩柉偲偺岎姺側偟偵偼丄擬懷塉椦偺側偐偱惗偒偺偙傟側偐偭偨偺偱偼側偄偐偲偄偆斵傜偺媈栤偼丄擬懷塉椦偺拞偱偼丄扽悈壔暔偺怘椏偮傑傝怉暔惈怘椏偺嵦廤偑崲擄偱偁傞偲偄偆揰偵敪偟偰偄傞丅偙偺帠忣偵娭偟偰偼偡偱偵II復偱弎傋偨偑丄偙偙偱棯弎偡傞偲丄擬懷塉椦偼僄僱儖僊乕傪拁愊偟側偄偲偄偆惗懺僔僗僥儉偺摿挜傪傕偭偰偄傞偨傔丄恖娫偑棙梡偱偒傞怘梡怉暔偼丄偦偺検偑尷傜傟偰偄傞偲摨帪偵暘嶶偟偰惗堢偟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵僄僱儖僊乕検偺拁愊偑彮側偄儎儉僀儌側偳偺扽悈壔暔傪孈傝弌偡嵺偺嵦廤偺僐僗僩乮楯摥搳壓乯傪偐偗偨偲偟偰傕丄偙傟傪怘傋傜傟傞忬懺偵偡傞偨傔偵偼丄傑偨偦偺忋偵壛岺偺僾儘僙僗乮悈偝傜偟側偳乯側偳偺僐僗僩偑偐偐傞丅寢壥揑偵扽悈壔暔妉摼偵偼懡戝側楯椡偑梫媮偝傟傞偙偲偵側傞丅杮棃丄擬懷塉椦偱偼丄扽悈壔暔傪廫暘偵妉摼偱偒側偄偺偱偼側偄偐丠偙偺偙偲偑擬懷塉椦偺庪椔嵦廤柉偺恖岥傪掅偔梷偊(Hutterer  1983:179, 1986)丄擾峩柉偲偺乽岎姺乿傪慜採忦審偲偟側偗傟偽丄擬懷塉椦偺拞偱揔墳偱偒側偐偭偨偺偱偼側偄偐偲偄偆栤戣偑採帵偝傟偨丅

丂尰嵼偺庪椔嵦廤柉偑擬懷塉椦偱帺妶偱偒偰偄傞偲偄偆帠椺偑偙傟傑偱偵傕懡偔曬崘偝傟偰偄傞丅傕偟乽帺妶乿偑帠幚偱偁偭偨偲偟偰傕丄偦偺棟桼偼庪椔嵦廤柉偑丄挿偄擭寧偺娫丄怷傪彊乆偵愗傝奐偒丄杮棃偺擬懷塉椦娐嫬傪夵曄偟丄偦偙偵怘梡偲側傝偆傞怴偟偄怉暔傪擬懷塉椦偺奜丄偮傑傝擾峩柉偐傜摫擖偟偰偒偨偐傜偙偦壜擻偵側偭偨偲峫偊傞偙偲傕偱偒傞丅

丂僿僢僪儔儞僪傜偑悽奅拞偺擬懷塉椦偵偡傓庪椔嵦廤柉偺柉懓帍傪挷傋偨偲偙傠丄庪椔嵦廤柉偑擾嶌暔側偟偵惗寁傪塩傫偱偄傞乮偄偨乯偲偄偆柧妋側柉懓帍傗峫屆妛帒椏偼傒傜傟側偐偭偨(Headland 1987, Bailey et al. 1989乯丅偦偙偱斵傜偼丄擾峩柉偵傛傞怉暔嵧攟偲怷椦偺奐戱偵傛偭偰怘椏偑枾偵暘晍偟検傕朙晉偵側傞傑偱偼丄恖娫偺擬懷塉椦傊偺揔墳擻椡偼廬棃峫偊傜傟偰偄傞傛傝傕偢偭偲尷傜傟偰偄偨偩傠偆偲偄偆壖愢傪採帵偟丄僔儞億僕僂儉偱摙媍偟偰偄傞丅

丂偡偱偵弎傋偨傛偆偵丄僔儞億僕僂儉偺嶲壛幰偼偄偢傟傕悽奅奺抧偺擬懷塉椦偱庪椔嵦廤柉偺尋媶傪峴側偭偰偄傞丅斵傜偼偦傟偧傟偺挷嵏偱丄扽悈壔暔偺惗嶻検偲妉摼丒愛庢偺幚懺丄偝傜偵峫屆妛偲僄僗僲僸僗僩儕乕偺帒椏傪嵞専摙偟偨丅偦偺寢壥丄埲壓偺斸敾偑弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅

侾丏擬懷塉椦偺惗懺妛揑挷嵏椺偑彮側偔丄忋偺壖愢偺慜採帺懱偑帒椏晄懌偵傛傝専摙偺梋抧偑偁傞丅

俀丏尰嵼傕夁嫀偵偍偄偰傕丄擬懷塉椦偺庪椔嵦廤柉偼丄擾峩柉偲偺娭學側偟偵帺妶偟偰偄傞丅

俁丏壖愢傪巟帩偱偒傞傎偳丄乽岎姺乿偺柉懓椺帺懱偑廫暘偱偼側偄丅丂

丂偙傟傜偼偄偢傟傕壖愢偵懳偟偰斲掕揑偱偁偭偨丅偙傟偵懳偟偰僶僀儕乕偲僿僢僪儔儞僪偼丄柉懓椺偱偼埶慠偲偟偰丄庪椔嵦廤柉偑擾嶌暔偵埶懚偟偰偍傝岎姺傕懚嵼偡傞丄偦偟偰擾峩柉偵傛傞夵曄傪庴偗偨塉椦娐嫬傪棙梡偟偰偄傞偲夞摎偟偰偄傞丅擬懷塉椦娐嫬偵偮偄偰傕丄擬懷婫愡椦偲偺堘偄側偳婎杮揑側擣幆偺岆傝傪巜揈偟偰偄傞乮椺偊偽僒僑儎僔偺棙梡偼擬懷婫愡椦偵尷掕偝傟傞側偳乯丅恀偭岦偐傜懳寛偡傞寢壥偲側偭偰偟傑偭偨偑丄偦傟偲偄偆偺傕帒椏偺愨懳揑晄懌偵婲場偟偰偄傞偐傜偱偁傞丅偦偺偨傔擬懷塉椦偺宍惉夁掱偲偦偺屻偺嬌憡忬懺傪帵偡壴暡側偳偺惗懺妛揑帒椏傪憗媫偵廤愊偡傞丅摨帪偵峫屆妛揑帒椏偺廂廤傕媫柋偱偁傞丅擾峩偲偺娭學傪帵偡嵧攟怉暔堚懱傪弌搚偣偢丄塉椦偵惗懅偟偰偄傞摦暔崪傪弌搚偡傞堚愓偺専弌偵傛偭偰丄擾峩柉偲偺娭學傪傕偨側偄乽帺棫揑乿庪椔嵦廤柉偺峫屆妛揑帒椏傪採帵偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅偙偙偱庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偲偺乽岎姺乿偺楌巎傪扵媮偡傞偨傔偵偼丄峫屆妛偑桞堦偺曽朄偁傞偙偲偑嵞妋擣偝傟偨丅

 

丂怘椏帒尮偑彮側偄擬懷塉椦偱偼丄怘椏妉摼偺偨傔偵偝傑偞傑側怴偟偄曽朄傪帋偟偰傒偨偙偲偩傠偆丅偦偺傂偲偮偑擾峩柉偲偺乽岎姺乿偱偁傞丅擾峩柉偺弌尰埲崀丄庪椔嵦廤柉偼偝傑偞傑側婡夛傪棙梡偟偰丄怴偨側惗寁庤抜傪柾嶕偟偰偒偨偲憐掕偱偒傞丅媽愇婍帪戙偐傜怴愇婍帪戙傊偺堏峴婜(Mesolithic: 拞愇婍帪戙)偵偼乽惗寁庤抜偺懡嬌壔乮broad-spectrum  exploitation乯乿偁傞偄偼乽僞僐懌揑惗嬈宍懺乿乮惣揷1981乯傪怴偨側惗寁愴棯偲偟偰怘椏妉摼庤抜傪柾嶕偟偨丅偦偺屻丄擾峩偲偄偆惗寁愴棯偑恖椶巎偺拞偱庡棳偲側傞偲丄庪椔嵦廤柉偺惗寁愴棯偺曄壔偺僾儘僙僗偵偮偄偰丄乽帺棫揑乿偵偟傠乽嫟惗揑乿偵偟傠丄偁傞掱搙傑偱夝柧偝傟偰偄傞抧堟偼丄怴戝棨傪彍偄偰丄悽奅拞傎偲傫偳側偄偵摍偟偄丅偦偟偰尰嵼丄僱僌儕僩偺帠椺傪傒傞尷傝丄斵傜偺惗寁愴棯偼擾峩柉偲偺嫟惗娭學偵摿庩壔偟偰偄傞丅堏柉偵傛傞掅抧柉偺憹壛丄奐敪偵傛傞怷椦敯嵦側偳偵傛傞惗妶娐嫬偺埆壔偑丄擬懷塉椦偵廧傓庪椔嵦廤柉偺惗寁愴棯偺慖戰巿傪嫹傔偰偄傞偺偑尰忬偱偁傞丅乽岎姺乿娭學偼丄偙偺傛偆側忬嫷傪慜偵偟偨僱僌儕僩偺媷梋偺慖戰偱偁傞偲夝庍偱偒傞丅

丂偱偼庪椔嵦廤柉偺尋媶椺傗帒椏偺晄懌偑偳偙偵婲場偟偰偄傞偺偐丠偦偺棟桼偼慜愡偱媍榑偟偨傛偆偵丄暥柧偺曽岦惈偐傜偼偢傟偨恖椶巎偺夁掱偱偁傞偙偲偑尋媶幰偵戝偒側梊尒傪帠慜偵梌偊偰偄傞丄偲偄偆偙偲偵媮傔傜傟傞偱偁傠偆丅

 

V. 寢榑丟峫屆妛偼庪椔嵦廤柉尋媶偵峷專偱偒傞偐丠

丂庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偺乽岎姺乿娭學偑丄夁嫀偵傕懚嵼偟偨偲壖掕偡傞偲丄搶撿傾僕傾偺擬懷塉椦抧堟丄偲偔偵搰涀晹偺暥壔恑壔偺暋嶨側夁掱傪傛偔愢柧偟偰偔傟傞壜擻惈傪旈傔偰偄傞丅偦偺僾儘僙僗偵偮偄偰偼丄偦傟傑偱偺扨弮側惣墷揑敪揥抜奒儌僨儖偲偼堘偆丄暋嶨側條憡傪憐掕偟偰偍偔昁梫偑偁傞丅峫屆堚暔傗暥壔梫慺偺椵愊惈丒懚懕惈丄偦偟偰庪椔嵦廤柉偺尰懚偵偮偄偰偼丄挿偄娫丄乽暥柧乿偺曽岦惈偐傜庢傝偺偙偝傟偨丄偁傞偄偼偦偺曽岦惈偵峷專偟偰偙側偐偭偨偲偄偆愢柧偑側偝傟偰偒偨丅偟偐偟僺乕僞乕僜儞偺乽岎姺揔墳乿傗僿僢僪儔儞僪偺乽嫟惗乿儌僨儖偼丄搶撿傾僕傾偺暥壔恑壔偺愢柧偵怴偨側帇嵗傪梌偊傞傕偺偱偁傞丅

丂嵟屻偵専摙偟偨僿僢僪儔儞僪偲僶僀儕乕偺壖愢偼丄擬懷塉椦偵廧傓庪椔嵦廤柉偺尋媶偵戝偒側攇栦傪搳偘偐偗偰偄傞丅偙傟傪庴偗偰峫屆妛偼庪椔嵦廤柉尋媶偵峷專偱偒傞偐傪嵞搙峫偊傞昁梫偑偁傞丅偦偺嵺拲堄偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄偺偼丄庪椔嵦廤柉偺尰忬傪埨掕揑側僔僗僥儉偲偟偰夁嫀偵斀塮偝偣傞偺偱偼側偔丄摨帪偵丄庪椔嵦廤柉幮夛偺夁嫀傪乽朙偐側幮夛(affluent society)乿偲偟偰乽揱摑揑乿側庪椔嵦廤柉儌僨儖傪偁偰偼傔傞偺偱傕側偔丄偟偐偟側偑傜庪椔嵦廤柉偺尰忬偺偡傋偰偑悽奅宱嵪僔僗僥儉偵乽嫮梫偝傟偨乿寢壥偲傒傞偺偱傕側偄丄偲偄偆帇揰傗棫応偱偁傞丅偮傑傝乽尰忬乿偵惂栺傪庴偗側偑傜傕丄乽尰忬乿傪乽夁嫀乿偵柍棟嫮偄偟側偄儌僨儖偑昁梫側偺偱偁傞丅

 

丂乽岎姺乿偺媍榑偺嵟屻偵丄偙偙偱偼寢榑偵偐偊偰丄怴偨側栤戣愝掕偲峫屆妛揑傾僾儘乕僠傪採彞偟偨偄丅傑偢栤戣傪埲壓偺傛偆偵愝掕偟偨偄丅

丂擬懷塉椦娐嫬壓偺庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偲偺乽岎姺乿丄乽嫟惗娭學乿偼偄偮偛傠偐傜丄偳偺傛偆側夁掱傪宱偰尰嵼偵摓偭偰偄傞偺偐丄偦偟偰偙偺栤戣傊偺傾僾儘乕僠偲偟偰丄偝傜偵埲壓偺峫屆妛揑曽朄乮峫屆妛偑夁嫀偵偍偗傞恖娫幮夛偺偡傋偰偺暘栰偵懳偡傞憤崌揑丒妛嵺揑側妛栤偱偁傞偲偄偆堄枴偲婜懸傪偙傔偰乯傪採帵偟偨偄丅

(1)擬懷塉椦偺宍惉巎丗屆惗懺妛揑帒椏偺拁愊偼尷傜傟偰偄傞丅傑偢偼摿掕偺挷嵏抧偺側偐偱婎慴揑側帒椏偺廤愊傪峴側偄丄偦偺抧堟偺擬懷塉椦偑偄偮偛傠偐傜宍惉偝傟丄偳偺傛偆側僾儘僙僗傪偨偳偭偰尰嵼偵偄偨偭偨偐傪専摙偡傞丅偦偺嵺丄帒椏偺廂廤偵偼壴暡暘愅側偳偺曽朄傪梡偄傞丅

(2)擬懷塉椦偵偍偗傞怉暔惈怘暔偺僶僀僆儅僗偲暘晍枾搙偵娭偡傞惗懺挷嵏丗扽悈壔暔偑偼偨偟偰擬懷塉椦偱偼杮摉偵妉摼崲擄偱偁傞偺偐偳偆偐傪嵞専摙偡傞偨傔丄悽奅偺擬懷塉椦偵偍偗傞惗懺妛揑帒椏傪斾妑丒専摙偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅擬懷塉椦偺抧堟揑曃嵎偼乽岎姺乿偺偁傝曽偵傕戝偒側塭嬁傪媦傏偡傕偺偲梊應偝傟傞丅

(3)庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偺娫偱峴側傢傟偰偄傞岎姺偵偮偄偰偺帒椏廂廤丗乽岎姺乿傪宊婡偲偡傞僐僗僩偲儕僞乕儞偵偮偄偰丄僇儘儕乕傗帪娫検側偳偺宱嵪揑掕検僨乕僞偲摨帪偵丄幮夛揑丒惛恄揑僨乕僞傪崱屻偄偭偦偆廂廤偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅尰嵼丄擾峩柉偲偺娭學偵偍偄偰僱僌儕僩偺懁偵惗偠偰偄傞幮夛揑棫応偺晄嬒峵偼僱僌儕僩偺懚懕偵傕娭傢傞廳戝側栤戣偱偁傞丅乽岎姺乿娭學偼扨弮側揔墳榑傗婡擻榑偱夝庍偡傞偺偼崲擄偱偁傝丄偙偆偟偨晄嬒峵偑乽岎姺乿偵偳偺傛偆側塭嬁傪媦傏偟偰偄傞偐偲偄偆幚懺挷嵏偼丄偦傟偑偄偮崰偐傜巒傑偭偨偐傪峫偊傞忋偱昁梫側嶌嬈偱偁傞丅

(4)僙僩儖儊儞僩傾乕働僆儘僕乕偺曽朄丗(4)偲(5)偼丄偙偙偵偁偘偨傾僾儘乕僠偺拞偱傕偭偲傕峫屆妛揑側曽朄偱偁傞丅庪椔嵦廤柉偲擾峩柉偲偺娭學偑偳偺傛偆側曄壔傪偨偳偭偰偄偨偐偲偄偆偙偲傪抦傞偨傔偵偼丄挷嵏懳徾抧堟慡懱偺拞偱偦傟偧傟偺堚愓傪丄帪戙偛偲偵桳婡揑偵娭學偯偗偰偄偙偆偲偡傞僙僩儖儊儞僩傾乕働僆儘僕乕偺曽朄傪梡偄偨帒椏偺廂廤偑昁梫偱偁傞丅偮傑傝丄抧棟揑偵尷掕偝傟偨峀斖側抧堟慡懱偵傢偨偭偰丄擭戙丒惈奿丒婡擻偑堎側傞堚愓偺暘晍挷嵏偲敪孈傪峴側偄丄擾峩弌尰埲崀丄栺侾枩擭娫偺堚愓偲堚愓孮偺曄壔傪抧堟揑側峀偑傝偺拞偱攃埇偡傞丅偙偺傛偆側抧堟慡懱偺堚愓孮偺堚峔偲堚暔傪憤崌揑偵斾妑丒専摙偡傞偙偲側偔偟偰丄偳傟偑擾峩柉偺堚愓偱丄偳傟偑庪椔嵦廤柉偺堚愓偱偁傞偲偄偆敾抐偼偱偒側偄丅

(5)摦丒怉暔堚懱偺専弌偲専摙丗擬懷塉椦偵惗妶偟偰偄偨恖娫廤抍偺惗寁妶摦偺幚懺偲偦偺曄壔偺僾儘僙僗傪攃埇偡傞偨傔偵偼丄恖岺堚暔偺帒椏偺傒偱偼晄廫暘偱偁傞丅桳婡幙偱偁傞摦暔崪丒怉暔堚懱偺専弌偑壜擻側堚愓乮奓捤丒揇扽憌側偳偵宍惉偝傟偨堚愓乯傪敪孈偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅廂廤偝傟偨帒椏偼摦暔丒怉暔妛幰偺庤傪宱偰丄恖岺堚暔偐傜偼摼傜傟側偄椶偺忣曬傪採帵偡傞丅

(6)暥專尋媶丗儈僢僔儑僫儕乕偺婰榐傗峴惌暥彂偵傒傜傟傞庪椔嵦廤柉偵偮偄偰偺楌巎揑婰榐偺専摙丗擾峩柉偵傛偭偰庪椔嵦廤柉偑偳偺傛偆偵婰弎偝傟偰偄偨偐偵偮偄偰偺尋媶偼丄椉幰偺娭學偺偁傝曽偲偦偺曄慗傪扵傞奿岲偺帒椏偱偁傞丅摨帪偵丄廋惓庡媊幰乮revisionists乯偑採彞偡傞傛偆偵丄偼偨偟偰悽奅僔僗僥儉偑擖傝崬傓慜偵偼丄庪椔嵦廤柉偺忬懺偑尰嵼偲偼堎側偭偰偄偨偺偐偵偮偄偰専摙偡傞嵽椏偲傕側傞丅

(7)埲忋偺傛偆側曽朄偱廂廤偝傟偨帒椏孮偼丄峔抸偝傟偨儌僨儖偲偲傕偵斾妑丒専摙丒摑崌偝傟丄嵟廔揑偵丄挷嵏抧偺夁嫀偵偍偗傞乽娭學乿偺僾儘僙僗偺愢柧偑採帵偝傟傞偙偲偵側傞丅

 

丂偙偺傛偆側傾僾儘乕僠偵傛傞峫屆妛揑挷嵏偼丄僱僌儕僩偑掅抧偵廧傓擾峩柉偲岎姺傪峴側偭偰偄傞儖僜儞搰杒晹偺僇僈儎儞廈偱僗僞乕僩偟偨偽偐傝偱偁傞丅儁僯儍僽儔儞僇偺堚愓孮偐傜杒傊栺俈侽倠倣偺僇僈儎儞壨壓棳堟傪懳徾偵丄1985擭偐傜堚愓偺暘晍挷嵏丄敪孈挷嵏傪奐巒偟丄尰嵼傑偱偵僇僈儎儞壨壨岥偐傜俆侽倠倣偝偐忋偭偨抧揰傑偱偺壨娸偱丄俀侾僇強偺奓捤堚愓偲俀僇強偺曟抧堚愓傪妋擣偟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺奓捤堚愓孮偼丄搚婍弌尰埲慜乮擭戙應掕抣偼側偄偑乯偐傜宍惉偝傟丄栺俁侽侽侽擭慜偺搚婍傪拞怱偵弌搚偡傞帪戙丄尦丒柧戙偺摡帴婍傪弌搚偡傞帪戙傪宱偰丄尰嵼偱傕奓偺嵦廤偲徚旓丒攑婞偑宲懕偝傟奓捤偑宍惉偝傟偮偯偗偰偄傞乮惵桍懠1985,1986, 1988, 1989,1991, Aoyagi et al. 1993, Ogawa 1993, 彫愳1994, Ogawa and Aguilera 1992乯丅崱屻丄壨娸偺奓捤敪孈傪宲懕偟側偑傜丄嶳懁偵暘晍偡傞堚愓偺挷嵏偵擖傞抜奒偱偁傞丅

丂偙偙偱採帵偟偨傾僾儘乕僠偺摿挜偼丄庪椔嵦廤柉尋媶傪抧堟偛偲偵暿屄偵偍偙側傢側偔偰偼側傜側偄偲偄偆帇揰偱偁傝丄摨帪偵庪椔嵦廤柉尋媶偵堦斒棟榑壔偑壜擻偐丄偲偄偆栤戣傪傕曪娷偟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵偙傟偵傛偭偰偼偠傔偰丄廬棃丄峫屆妛帒椏偺夝庍傪柉懓妛偺帒椏偵埶懚偟偰偒偨柉懓峫屆妛尋媶偲偼堘偭偨偐偨偪偱丄廬棃偲偼媡偵丄峫屆妛偑暥壔乮幮夛乯恖椶妛丒柉懓妛偵峷專偱偒傞偲偄偆壜擻惈傪採帵偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

 

拲侾丂Man, the Hunter 偼儕僠儍乕僪丒儕乕傜偺屇傃偐偗偵傛偭偰奐嵜偝傟偨恖椶妛幰夛媍偱丄庪椔嵦廤柉傪尋媶偡傞悽奅拞偺恖椶妛幰偑偙偺夛媍偱敪昞偟偨嵺偺榑暥廤偱偁傞丅偙偺夛媍傛偭偰偦傟傑偱尩偟偄娐嫬壓偱怘椏傪媮傔偰堏摦偟偰偄傞偲峫偊傜傟偰偒偨庪椔嵦廤柉偺惗妶偑丄儕乕傜偺掕検揑僨乕僞偵傕偲偯偔暘愅偵傛偭偰尰戙恖傛傝傕帪娫偵捛傢傟側偄惗妶偱偁傞偙偲偑夝柧偝傟丄偦傟傑偱偺庪椔嵦廤柉偵懳偡傞僀儊乕僕偑戝偒偔揾傝懼偊傜傟偨丅俈侽擭戙埲崀偙偺僀儊乕僕偼丄恖椶妛丒峫屆妛幰偺摢偺拞偱庪椔嵦廤柉偵懳偡傞愭擖娤偲偟偰旍戝壔偟尰嵼偵偄偨偭偰偄傞丅昅幰傕偙偆偟偨愭擖娤傪傕偮傂偲傝偲偟偰帺夲揑偵乽恄榖乿偲偄偆偙偲偽傪梡偄偨丅

 

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