亀柉懓妛尋媶亁63-2: 192-202, 1999強廂

峫屆妛幰偑採帵偡傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕

丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂彫愳塸暥乮搶嫗奜崙岅戝妛乯

梫栺丟

丂峫屆妛偼搶撿傾僕傾偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺僀儊乕僕傪丄攷暔娰揥帵傗儌僨儖側偳偺応偱惗嶻偟偰偒偨丅偙傟傜偺僀儊乕僕偺曄慗傪専摙偡傞偲丄尋媶偺榞慻傒傗曽朄榑偺曄壔偑偁偭偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄尰嵼偱傕峫屆妛偼庪椔嵦廤幮夛傪乽旕暥柧乿僀儊乕僕偺側偐偵乽妘棧乿偟偰偒偨偙偲偑棟夝偱偒傞丅偟偐偟愭巎帪戙偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偲偺娫偵憡屳埶懚娭學偑懚嵼偟偨偲偡傞嵟嬤偺壖愢偼丄僇儔僴儕榑憟偵偍偗傞廋惓庡媊幰偺榑揰偲摨條偵丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偵懳偡傞乽旕暥柧乿僀儊乕僕偺嫊峔惈偵嵞峫傪敆傞傕偺偱偁偭偨丅杮峞偱偼峫屆妛幰偑搶撿傾僕傾偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偵懳偟偰書偄偰偄傞僀儊乕僕偺嫊峔惈傪懪攋偟丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺乽楌巎偺夞暅乿傪傔偞偡棟榑揑榞慻傒偺壜擻惈偵偮偄偰峫嶡偡傞丅

僉乕儚乕僪丗憡屳埶懚娭學丄 妘棧惈丄帪嬻娫偺嬒幙壔丄僀儊乕僕偺嫊峔惈丄楌巎偺夞暅

栚師

偼偠傔偵

侾.丂攷暔娰揥帵偵傛偭偰嵞惗嶻偝傟傞乽庪椔嵦廤幮夛=旕暥柧乿僀儊乕僕

俀.丂塀暳偝傟偨楌巎丗庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偺憡屳娭學

俁.丂搶撿傾僕傾庪椔嵦廤幮夛尋媶偵偍偗傞乽僇儔僴儕榑憟乿

係.丂偍傢傝偵

偼偠傔偵

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺擬懷塉椦偵惗妶偡傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛偼丄愭巎帪戙偐傜崱擔偵摓傞傑偱丄擾峩幮夛偲偺岎姺傪儀乕僗偲偟偨宱嵪揑丄幮夛揑憡屳埶懚娭學傪堐帩偟偰偒偨丄偲偄偆壖愢偑峫屆妛偵採帵偝傟偰偐傜偡偱偵20擭埲忋偑宱夁偟偰偄傞(Hutterer 1976, Peterson and Peterson 1977, Headland and Reid 1989)丅崱擔傑偱搶撿傾僕傾偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偑懚懕偟偰偒偨偙偲偐傜偡傟偽丄愭巎帪戙偵偍偄偰傕擾峩幮夛偲摨帪偵懚嵼偟丄側傫傜偐偺偐偨偪偺岎棳傪傕偭偰偄偨偙偲偼梕堈偵梊應偝傟傞丅傑偨憡屳埶懚娭學偺壖愢偼丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偑岎姺傪峴偭偰偄偨壜擻惈傪帵嵈偡傞峫屆帒椏偺懚嵼偺傎偐丄椉幰偺尵岅揑椶墢娭學丄偦偟偰扽悈壔暔妉摼偑崲擄側擬懷塉椦偺娐嫬摿惈側偳偵傛偭偰傕巟帩偝傟傞(Headland and Reid 1989)丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄乽奜晹悽奅乿偐傜乽妘愨乿偝傟偨丄乽弮悎乿偱乽帺棫揑側(self-sufficient)乿丄偦偟偰乽栰斬側懠幰乿偲偟偰偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕偑峫屆妛幰偺娫偵偄傑側偍崻嫮偔巆傝丄偙偺壖愢巟帩偵懡偔偺峫屆妛幰偑徚嬌揑偱偁傞偙偲傕妋偐偱偁傞(椺偊偽丄Brosius 1991, Endicott and Bellwood 1991)丅偙偺傛偆偵庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺乽妘棧惈乿傗乽尨巒揑乿僀儊乕僕偑崻嫮偔巟帩偝傟偰偄傞攚宨偵偼丄尋媶幰帺恎偑偦偆偟偨僀儊乕僕偯偔傝偵怺偔娭梌偟丄攷暔娰側偳偱偺僀儊乕僕偺嵞惗嶻偵婑梌偟偰偄傞偙偲偑偦偺堦場偲峫偊傜傟傞丅摨帪偵丄乽暥柧偐傜庢傝巆偝傟偨乿庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕偺惗嶻偲徚旓偵偼丄怉柉抧庡媊傗崙柉崙壠傕傑偨丄戝偒側栶妱傪壥偨偟偰偄傞丅丂

丂埲忋偺媍榑傪摜傑偊丄偙偙偱偼丄搶撿傾僕傾偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺僀儊乕僕偑丄峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰偳偺傛偆偵惗嶻偝傟偰偒偨偐丄偦偟偰偦偺僀儊乕僕傪忔傝墇偊丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偺憡屳埶懚娭學偺楌巎傪偳偺傛偆偵嵞峔惉偡傞偐偵偮偄偰峫嶡偡傞丅嬶懱揑偵偼丄僀儊乕僕惗嶻偺応偲偟偰攷暔娰傪傑偢偲傝偁偘傞丅師偵搶撿傾僕傾愭巎帪戙偵偍偗傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偺憡屳娭學偵偮偄偰偺愢柧偲偟偰偙傟傑偱偵採弌偝傟偰偒偨儌僨儖傪楌巎揑偵斸敾丄専摙偡傞丅偙偺専摙偺夁掱偱丄乽帺棫揑乿偱乽弮悎乿側庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕偑偳偺傛偆偵惗嶻偝傟丄曄壔偟偰偒偨偐丄偝傜偵偦傟傜偺僀儊乕僕惗嶻偵娭傢偭偰偒偨峫屆妛幰偺愑擟偺強嵼傪柧傜偐偵偟偰偄偔丅嵟屻偵丄梷埑偝傟偰偄傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺尰幚傪捈帇偟丄崙柉崙壠丄怉柉抧庡媊偺憡懳壔丄扙帺慠壔偺媍榑偵嶲壛偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄擾峩幮夛偲偺憡屳娭學偺楌巎傪惗偒偨庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕傪嵞峔抸偡傞棟榑揑榞慻傒傊偺壜擻惈偑戱偗傞偙偲傪採帵偡傞丅

侾.丂攷暔娰揥帵偵傛偭偰嵞惗嶻偝傟傞乽庪椔嵦廤幮夛=旕暥柧乿僀儊乕僕

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺攷暔娰偱揥帵偝傟偨庪椔嵦廤幮夛偼丄柉懓妛僐乕僫乕偱偼懡柉懓崙壠偺堦堳偲偟偰桬傑偟偔揥帵偝傟偰偄傞丅偦傟偵懳偟偰峫屆妛僐乕僫乕偱偼丄偦偺崙偺楌巎偺弶尮丄偡側傢偪峫屆揥帵偺嵟弶偺僈儔僗働乕僗偵搊応偟丄愇婍傗崪奿昗杮丄摉帪偺惗妶偺憐憸恾傗僕僆儔儅偲偲傕偵揥帵偝傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟偦傟埲崀偺帪戙偵娭偟偰偼揥帵偵搊応偡傞偙偲偼傑偢側偄丅尰嵼偺崙壠偵偍偗傞丄懡條側柉懓偺堦抂傪扴偆崙柉偲偟偰丄柉懓妛僐乕僫乕偵揥帵偝傟傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛傕丄峫屆揥帵偱偼擾峩奐巒埲崀偺楌巎偵偼搊応偟偰偙側偄丅偨偟偐偵柉懓妛僐乕僫乕偱傕揥帵偝傟傞偺偼偄傢備傞彮悢柉懓偑拞怱偱丄尰戙傪惗偒丄崙柉偺戝敿傪峔惉偡傞儅僕儑儕僥傿偺恖乆偑揥帵偝傟傞偙偲偼傎偲傫偳側偄丅柉懓妛傗峫屆妛偺僐乕僫乕偱揥帵偝傟傞偺偼丄尰嵼偺崙柉傪宍惉偟偰偄傞乽揱摑乿偱偁傝丄崱擔偺巔偵偨偳傝偮偔傑偱偺崙柉偺棃楌偱偁傞丅傾儞僟乕僜儞偑弎傋偰偄傞傛偆偵丄攷暔娰偑崙偛偲偵憿傜傟丄偦偙偱崙柉偺棃楌偺暔岅傪揥奐偡傞偐偨偪偑惂搙偲偟偰惉棫偟偰埲棃丄崙柉暥壔揑側恄榖偺惗惉偲棳捠偵廳梫側栶妱傪壥偨偟偰偒偨(傾儞僟乕僜儞1997:戞X復)丅乽屌桳側乿崙柉惈偼丄乽夁嫀偵岦偐偭偰孈傝恑傔傟偽恑傓傎偳乿(惣愳1995:156)弮壔偝傟偰偄偔丅拪弌偝傟偨崙柉惈偺僄僢僙儞僗偼丄彮悢柉懓偺乽揱摑乿傗峫屆堚暔偺側偐偵崱擔揑巆熸偲偟偰曐懚偝傟偰偍傝丄偦傟傪崙柉慡堳偑嫟桳偟偰偄傞偙偲傪丄攷暔娰傪朘傟傞恖乆偵擣幆偝偣傞丅攷暔娰偼丄屌桳側棃楌傪傕偮崙柉偑嫟偵曢傜偡丄嬒幙側嬻娫傪憂弌偡傞嫮椡側攠懱偲偟偰懚嵼偟偰偒偨(Russell 1997)丅

丂偟偐偟偙偙偱栤戣偲側傞偺偼丄崙柉偺弶尮偲側傞傋偒庪椔嵦廤柉偑丄尰嵼偺崙柉崙壠偵偍偄偰丄幚嵺偼偦偺屌桳偺埵抲傪擣傔傜傟偢丄梷埑偝傟偨丄廃曈揑埵抲偵捛偄傗傜傟偰偄傞偲偄偆尰幚偱偁傞丅峫屆揥帵偱嫮挷偝傟傞偺偼丄崙柉暥壔偺乽弮悎惈乿偑楌巎傪慿偭偰敪尒偝傟傞偺偲偼媡偵丄傓偟傠丄弶尮偺乽尨巒惈乿偐傜偄偐偵偟偰崱擔偺暥柧傊偲偨偳傝拝偄偨偐偲偄偆摴掱偺曽偱偁傞丅崙柉暥壔偑婓媮偡傞乽弮悎惈乿丄乽屌桳惈乿偼丄尰嵼偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺廃曈揑埵抲偵傕丄偦偟偰夁嫀偺乽尨巒惈乿偵傕婣拝偡傞偙偲偼側偄丅庪椔嵦廤幮夛偑崙柉偺楌巎偺嵟弶偺僈儔僗働乕僗偵搊応偡傞巔偼丄偨偩偦偺崙偺嫽傝偺屆偝傪嫮挷偡傞偨傔偵揥帵偝傟偰偄傞偐偺傛偆偱偁傞丅乽偼偠傑傝乿偲乽尰嵼乿埲奜偺帪娫偵偍偄偰偼丄乽楌巎乿偺懚嵼傪擣傔傜傟偰偄側偄庪椔嵦廤幮夛尋媶偺尰忬偼丄怉柉抧庡媊偦偟偰崙柉崙壠偺榞撪偵偍偗傞峫屆妛尋媶偺尷奅傪業掓偟偰偄傞丅偡側傢偪丄擾峩幮夛偵楌巎偺庡栶偺嵗傪忳偭偰埲崀丄乽暥柧乿傊偺曽岦惈傪傕偨側偄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺崱擔傑偱偺懌愓偼丄崙柉崙壠偺楌巎偐傜攔彍丄塀暳偝傟丄尋媶偺偨傔偺棟榑揑榞慻傒偡傜峔抸偝傟偰偄側偄忬嫷偵偁傞丅乽暥柧乿傊偲曽岦偯偗傜傟偨崙柉偺楌巎偵傛偭偰丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偼乽旕暥柧乿丄乽暥柧偺懳嬌乿偺戙昞偲偟偰曁傑傟偰偒偨偺偱偁傞丅偦偟偰庪椔嵦廤柉偼丄儂僢僽僗偲儖僜乕偺愄偐傜尰嵼偵帄傞傑偱丄乽巆媠側栰斬恖乿偲乽崅婱側傞栰斬恖乿偺怳暆偺側偐偱懳嬌揑側僀儊乕僕偲偟偰昤偐傟偰偒偨偑丄偄偢傟偺僀儊乕僕傪攚晧傢偝傟偨偵偟偰傕丄乽暥柧乿偺毥奜偺乽懠幰乿偲偟偰昞徾偝傟偰偒偨偺偱偁傞丅

丂峫屆妛尋媶偺応偱庢傝忋偘傜傟丄媍榑偝傟偰偒偨堚暔偼堦斒偵丄峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰乽暥柧乿偺曽岦惈傪傕偮偲夝庍偝傟偨堚暔偱偁傞応崌偑傎偲傫偳偱偁傞丅峫屆妛偱偼堚愓偐傜弌搚偟偨堚暔慡懱偺拞偐傜偁傞摿掕偺堚暔偺傒偑庢傝忋偘傜傟丄嵞峔惉偝傟傞偑丄偦偺嵺乽暥柧乿偺曽岦惈偵増偭偨堚暔偺庢傝忋偘曽丄媄弍偺恑曕偺曽岦惈偵増偭偰慖戰偝傟偨堚暔偺傒偑嫮挷偝傟偰偄傞偺偑尰忬偱偁傞丅偱偼媡偵峫屆妛幰偺庢幪慖戰偺栐偺栚偵偐偐傜側偐偭偨丄偨偲偊偽丄偙偙偱栤戣偲偟偰偄傞擾峩幮夛弌尰埲崀偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺楌巎夁掱偵偍偗傞堚暔偺嵞峔惉偺曽朄傗棟榑揑榞慻傒偵偮偄偰偼丄偙傟傑偱傎偲傫偳媍榑偝傟傞偙偲偑側偔丄傑偝偵偙傟偐傜偺壽戣偱偁傞偲偄偊傞丅偨偟偐偵敪孈偝傟偨堚暔傪帪娫偺宱夁偵偦偭偰暲傋偰傒偨応崌丄堚暔偵斀塮偝傟傞媄弍揑曄壔偼敪揥揑側條憡傪帵偡偺偑堦斒揑偱偁傞偑丄峫屆妛幰偑堚暔偺媄弍揑曄壔傪敪揥偺楢嵔偲偟偰採帵偡傞偲偒丄乽暥柧乿傊偺曽岦惈偺側偐偱媄弍傗幮夛傪埵抲偯偗傛偆偲偡傞柍堄幆偺堄恾傪尒弌偡偙偲偑偱偒傞丅偙偺傛偆偵堚暔傪敪揥偺楢嵔偺恾幃偺側偐偱偲傜偊丄媄弍揑桪楎偺嵎堎偵埵抲偯偗傛偆偲偡傞丄偙傟傑偱偺峫屆妛偺媍榑偺拞怱偱偁偭偨尋媶偺曽岦惈偺堿偱丄搶撿傾僕傾偺愭巎帪戙偵偍偄偰偼丄屆偄媄弍懱宯傪曐懚偡傞儊僇僯僘儉偑懚嵼偟偰偄傞偙偲傪帵偡堚暔傗偦偺弌搚忬嫷偑偁傞偙偲傕妋偐偱偁傞丅

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺愭巎帪戙偵弌搚偡傞攳曅愇婍傗釯婍傪椺偵偲傞偲丄偙傟傜偺愇婍偼扨弮側媄朄偱惢嶌偝傟偰偍傝丄偦偺媄朄傪斀塮偟偰偄傞宍懺揑摿挜傪丄摿掕偺帪婜偵尷掕偡傞偙偲偑崲擄偱偁傞丅偦偺偨傔搶撿傾僕傾偺愇婍偼儂儌僄儗僋僩僁僗(Homo erectus)偺愄偐傜尰嵼傑偱丄帪娫偺棳傟偑巭傑偭偨偐偺傛偆偵曄壔偟側偐偭偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偒偨(彫愳1996, n.d.)丅愭巎帪戙偺恖乆偺惗妶偺巆熸偱偁傞愇婍偺條憡偐傜丄峫屆妛幰偼偦偺扴偄庤偱偁傞庪椔嵦廤柉偺幮夛帺懱傪傕丄乽曄壔偺側偄幮夛乿偲偟偰昞徾偟偰偒偨丅偝傜偵丄尰懚偡傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛傑偱傕丄偙傟傜偺愇婍傪巆偟偨愭巎帪戙偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲捈愙偵寢傃偮偗傜傟丄恖椶偺嵟傕屆偄抜奒偺暥壔傪尰嵼偵揱偊傞乽嵟屻偺惗偒巆傝乿(Heine-Geldern 1958:13)偲偟偰埵抲偯偗偰偒偨丅壗枩擭偺帪娫偑宱夁偟偰傕曄壔偺側偄乽尨巒揑側幮夛乿偑搶撿傾僕傾慡堟偵懚嵼偟偰偄偨偲偡傞丄乽帪嬻娫偺嬒幙惈乿(homogeniety in time and space; Russell 1997:232)偺奣擮偺側偐偱丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺僀儊乕僕偑峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰岅傝偮偑傟偰偒偨丅

丂僒僀乕僪偼丄偙偆偟偨乽尨巒惈乿偺奣擮偑怉柉抧庡媊偵傛偭偰峔抸偝傟丄偲偔偵惣墷偺尋媶幰偼懳徾抧堟偺暥壔傪丄嬒幙偱丄楎偭偨丄懳嬌揑側傕偺偲偟偰昞徾偟偰偒偨偙偲傪栤戣偲偟偰偄傞(僒僀乕僪1978 [1993])丅夁嫀偲尰嵼偺庪椔嵦廤柉偺悽奅偼丄乽懠幰偑愯傔傞憐憸偺帪嬻娫乿偲偟偰昤偐傟偰偒偨丅攷暔娰偱採帵偝傟傞庪椔嵦廤柉偺夁嫀偲尰嵼丄偦偟偰峫屆妛幰偑昤偔庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺僀儊乕僕傕丄帪娫揑側曄壔偑側偔丄惷揑側丄幮夛峔憿偺懡條惈偺側偄丄憡屳偺岎棳傪傕偨偢塭嬁傪梌偊崌偆偙偲偺側偄丄嬒幙側傕偺偲偟偰採帵偝傟偰偒偨丅僩儕僢僈乕偼偐偮偰乽怉柉抧偵偍偗傞峫屆妛傗暥壔巎偺栚揑偼丄尨廧柉偺愭巎帪戙偑惷揑偱偁傝懕偗丄幮夛傪敪揥偝偣傞椡偵寚偗傞偙偲傪徹柧偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄尨廧柉幮夛傪晭怞偡傞偙偲偵偁偭偨乿偲弎傋偰偄傞(Trigger 1984:362)丅乽暥柧乿偺懁偑堦曽揑偵彾埇偟偰偄傞巟攝揑僷儔僟僀儉偺側偐偱丄峫屆妛幰偑搶撿傾僕傾偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺楌巎傪岅傞偙偲帺懱偑丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛傪惷揑側丄嬒幙側僀儊乕僕偵搥寢偝偣傞偙偲偵壛扴偟偰偟傑偆偙偲偲側傞丅偟偐偟偙偺傛偆側尰忬偵懳偟偰丄悽奅偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛傪偼偠傔偲偡傞彮悢柉懓偼丄帺傜偺乽楌巎偺夞暅乿傪庡挘偟巒傔偰偄傞丅偦偟偰斵傜偺尃棙偺庡挘偵懳偟偰丄偙傟傑偱攷暔娰傗僥僉僗僩側偳偱尋媶懳徾偺僀儊乕僕惗嶻偵実傢偭偰偒偨峫屆妛幰傗柉懓妛幰偼丄怉柉抧庡媊丄億僗僩怉柉抧庡媊偦偟偰僫僔儑僫儕僘儉偵偍偗傞巟攝揑僷儔僟僀儉偺尒捈偟偲栤戣揰偺拪弌丄偝傜偵崱屻偺怴偨側尋媶偺曽岦惈偺柾嶕傪巒傔偰偄傞(Molyneaux 1997, Diaz-Andreu and Champion 1996, Lane 1996, Simpson 1996, Skotnes 1996, Schmidt and Patterson 1995, Kohl and Fawcett 1995, 媑揷1998)丅

丂偙傟傑偱峫屆妛幰偑丄乽栰斬側懠幰乿偺愯傔傞曄壔偺側偄丄嬒幙側帪嬻娫偵懚嵼偡傞傕偺偲偟偰庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺僀儊乕僕傪惗嶻偟偰偒偨偙偲偵傛偭偰丄枙徚偝傟丄塀暳偝傟偰偒偨楌巎偑偁傞丅僉乕僕儞僌偑弎傋偰偄傞傛偆偵丄乽悢愮擭娫偵傢偨偭偰庪椔嵦廤幮夛偼廃埻偺擾峩幮夛丄杚抺幮夛丄墹崙傗掗崙偲偺岎堈側偳傪偲偆偟偨惌帯宱嵪揑娭學傪曐偪側偑傜丄暋嶨側抧堟僔僗僥儉偺堦晹傪側偟偰偄偨乿(Keesing 1981:122)偲偡傟偽丄偙傟傑偱峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺僀儊乕僕偺側偐偵柆乆偲惗偒懕偗偰偒偨乽妘棧惈乿傗乽帪嬻娫偺嬒幙惈乿偼嫊峔偱偁偭偨偙偲偵側傞丅攷暔娰傗僥僉僗僩偱偺僀儊乕僕惗嶻偵傛偭偰朰傟嫀傜傟偨庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺楌巎偼丄擾峩幮夛側偳偺傛傝暋嶨側幮夛偲憡屳娭學傪傕偪丄塭嬁傪梌偊崌偄側偑傜丄偦偦傟偧傟摿庩側僐儞僥僋僗僩偛偲偵懡條側惗嬈愴棯偲幮夛峔憿傪峔抸偟偰偒偨庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺楌巎偲偟偰丄怴偨偵惗惉偝傟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅

俀.丂塀暳偝傟偨楌巎丗庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偺憡屳娭學

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺愭巎帪戙偵偍偗傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺楌巎偼丄乽妘棧惈乿傗乽帪嬻娫偺嬒幙惈乿偵傛偭偰塀暳偝傟偰偒偨丅偟偐偟庪椔嵦廤幮夛偑尰懚偡傞偲偄偆帠幚傪慜偵偟偰丄峫屆妛幰偼偙傟傑偱庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偑摨帪偵懚嵼偟偰偒偨楌巎揑宱夁傪愢柧偡傞偨傔偵丄偝傑偞傑側儌僨儖傪採帵偟偰偒偨丅怉柉抧帪戙偵偼偠傑偭偨搶撿傾僕傾庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺峫屆妛偱偼丄暥壔巎揑側尋媶曽朄偑庡棳偱丄尰嵼偱傕偦偺孹岦偼傎偲傫偳曄偭偰偄側偄丅暥壔巎揑傾僾儘乕僠偼丄宱尡庡媊揑僷僞乕儞壔偲偄偆惈奿傪傕偭偰偄傞丅偡側傢偪弌搚偟偨峫屆堚暔傪婰弎丄暘椶偟偰丄摿掕偺丄嫬奅慄偑柧妋側帪嬻娫偵娭楢偯偗傞丅偝傜偵偙偺椞堟偵偼幮夛揑側幚懱偑懚嵼偡傞偲憐掕偡傞丅偦偟偰峫屆堚暔偺攚屻偵憐掕偝傟偨丄嫬奅慄偑柧妋側帪嬻娫偺椞堟偲丄偦偺椞堟撪偵惗妶偡傞恖娫廤抍偺幮夛揑幚懱偼乽峫屆暥壔乿偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅暥壔巎揑峫屆妛幰偺庤偺側偐偵幚懱偲偟偰懚嵼偡傞堚暔偼丄夁嫀偵偍偗傞摿掕偺恖娫廤抍偺僄僗僯僢僋丒傾僀僨儞僥傿僥傿傪昞徾偡傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟偰偒偨丅偦偺偨傔尰嵼偺摿掕偺乽柉懓廤抍乿傗乽崙柉乿偼丄摿掕偺乽峫屆暥壔乿偲埨堈偵寢傃偮偗傜傟傗偡偄偲偄偆婋尟惈傕巜揈偝傟偰偄傞(Veit 1989:42, Jones 1997:3-5, Härke 1998:56) (拹)丅

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偑怉柉抧廆庡崙偺恖椶妛幰傗怉柉抧峴惌姱側偳偵傛偭偰乽掆懾榑乿偺僐儞僥僉僗僩偱岅傜傟傞側偐偱丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偑崱擔傑偱懚懕偟偰偒偨偙偲偵偮偄偰偼偠傔偰愢柧傪梌偊偨偺偼僴僀僱僎儖僨儖儞偺乽妘棧儌僨儖(isolate model)乿偱偁偭偨丅庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偼屳偄偵妘棧偝傟偨忬懺偺傑傑丄憡屳偵岎棳傪傕偨偢丄乽帺棫揑(self-sufficient)乿偵懚懕偟偰偒偨偲偄偆愢柧偱偁傞(Hutterer 1976傛傝堷梡)丅乽妘棧儌僨儖乿偼僉乕僕儞僌偑乽儌僓僀僋丒僗僥儗僆僞僀僾(mosaic stereotype)乿偲屇傇傛偆偵(Keesing 1981:111)丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛傪柧妋側椞堟傪傕偮帪嬻娫偵暵偠偙傔偰偟傑偆傕偺偱偁偭偨丅柉懓偺儌僓僀僋偺奺椞堟偼嬒幙偱丄帪娫偺棳傟偑巭傑偭偰偄傞丅偦偟偰儌僓僀僋偺嫬奅慄傪墇偊偰柉懓娫偺岎棳偑峴傢傟傞偙偲偼側偄丅偦偙偵偼乽愇婍帪戙偺惗偒巆傝乿偑曐懚偝偰偄傞丅崱擔丄庪椔嵦廤柉偑棙梡偡傞擾峩媄弍傗揝婍側偳偼丄乽弮悎(pure)乿偱乽恀惗側(authentic)乿庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺暥壔梫慺偵偼尦棃娷傑傟側偄傕偺偱丄乽暥柧乿偲偺愙怗偵傛偭偰傕偨傜偝傟偨暥壔揑乽墭愼乿偲傒側偝傟傞丅偙偺傛偆偵乽妘棧儌僨儖乿偵偼夁嫀傪昞徾偡傞嵺偺暥壔巎揑傾僾儘乕僠偺摿挜偑柧妋偵傒傜傟傞丅怉柉抧庡媊偺帪戙偵惉棫偟偨暥壔巎揑峫屆妛尋媶偺榞慻傒偼丄億僗僩怉柉抧庡媊偺尰戙偵傕庴偗宲偑傟丄峫屆妛幰偵傛傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺乽栰斬側懠幰乿僀儊乕僕偺惗嶻偲徚旓偼埶慠偲偟偰攷暔娰傗僥僉僗僩偱懕偗傜傟偰偄傞偺偑尰忬偱偁傞丅

丂婰弎揑偱丄宱尡庡媊揑側暥壔巎偺傾僾儘乕僠偐傜敳偗偩偦偆偲偡傞帋傒偼丄60擭戙偺杒暷偺峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰巒傔傜傟偨(Binford 1962, Binford and Binford 1968)丅偺偪偵僾儘僙僗峫屆妛(processual archaeology)偲屇偽傟傞偙偺傾僾儘乕僠偺摿挜偼丄暥壔恖椶妛偺塭嬁壓偵偁偭偰丄暥壔傪傂偲偮偺婡擻揑僔僗僥儉偲偟偰偲傜偊捈偡偙偲偵偁偭偨丅暥壔恖椶妛丄暥壔惗懺妛丄怴恑壔庡媊偺棟榑偵埶嫆偟側偑傜幮夛曄壔偺僾儘僙僗偺暘愅傗偦偺愢柧儌僨儖偺峔抸傪庡戣偲偡傞峫屆妛揑傾僾儘乕僠偱偁傞丅僾儘僙僗峫屆妛偼暥壔恖椶妛偺棟榑揑榞慻傒偺側偐偱丄惗嬈側偳偺宱嵪揑揔墳愴棯丄岎姺僔僗僥儉傗幮夛峔憿偺曄壔偺暘愅偵峷專偟偨(Hodder 1991:6)丅

丂僾儘僙僗峫屆妛偺榞慻傒偵埶嫆偟偨杒暷弌恎偺峫屆妛幰偑搶撿傾僕傾偱挷嵏丄尋媶傪峴偆傛偆偵側傞偲丄忋偱弎傋偨傛偆側愇婍偵傒傜傟傞宍懺曄壔偺朢偟偝傪丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺乽妘棧惈乿傗乽掆懾惈乿偺斀塮偲偟偰棟夝偡傞傛傝傕丄擬懷偲偄偆帺慠娐嫬傪棙梡偡傞嵺偺丄摿庩側僐儞僥僉僗僩偲偺婡擻揑娭楢偺側偐偱棟夝偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄偲偄偆尋媶偺曽岦惈偑採帵偝傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨(椺偊偽Hutterer 1976, 1982)丅偝傜偵庪椔嵦廤傗擾峩偲偄偭偨媄弍揑攚宨偑堎側傞幮夛廤抍偑丄摨偠帪戙偵嬤愙偟偰惗妶偟偰偒偨偙偲偑側偤壜擻偱偁偭偨偺偐偲偄偆栤戣偑採婲偝傟丄惗嬈媄弍偺懡條惈傪彆挿偟偰偒偨儊僇僯僘儉偺尋媶偑丄搶撿傾僕傾偵偍偗傞僾儘僙僗峫屆妛偺拞怱壽戣偺傂偲偮偲偝傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅偦偟偰搶撿傾僕傾偺奺抧偱丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偲偺憡屳娭學偺楌巎傪扵傞挷嵏偑奐巒偝傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨(椺偊偽儅儗乕僔傾丗Dunn 1975, 僞僀搶杒晹丗Kennedy 1977, 拞晹僼傿儕僺儞丗Hutterer 1976, Hutterer and Macdonald 1982)丅

丂偙偺栤戣偵懳偟偰柧妋偵儌僨儖傪採帵偟偰摎偊傛偆偲偟偨偺偼僺乕僞乕僜儞傜偱偁偭偨丅僼傿儕僺儞丄儖僜儞搰杒搶晹偺僷儔僫儞(Palanan)偱庪椔嵦廤柉傾僌僞(Agta)偺柉懓丒峫屆妛偺挷嵏傪峴偭偰偄偨僺乕僞乕僜儞傜偼丄傾僌僞偲擾峩柉偲偺娫偵傒傜傟傞怘椏丄楯摥椡丄搚抧偺岎姺偵傛傞憡屳埶懚娭學傪儌僨儖壔偟偰丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偑愭巎帪戙偐傜尰嵼傑偱懚懕偟偰偒偨楌巎夁掱傪愢柧偟傛偆偲偟偨(Peterson and Peterson 1977, 彫愳1996)丅偙傟偼乽岎姺揔墳(exchange adaptation)乿儌僨儖偲屇偽傟丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偦傟偧傟偑傕偮媄弍偵傛偭偰丄嫞憟(competition)傪旔偗側偑傜堎側偭偨帺慠娐嫬(掅抧偲嶳抧)傪棙梡偟丄屳偄偵晄懌偡傞帒尮傪岎姺偵傛偭偰曗偄崌偆偲偄偆惗嬈愴棯偱丄寢壥揑偵俀偮偺幮夛偑揔墳丄懚懕偟偰偄偔偲偄偆傕偺偱偁傞丅岎姺傪攠夘偲偟偰屳偄偵楯摥搳壓検傪掅偔梷偊丄媄弍妚怴傪悇偟恑傔傞偙偲側偔丄惗嶻偺愨偊偞傞廤栺壔偐傜柶傟丄掅偄媄弍儗儀儖偱恖岥傪娐嫬廂梕検(carrying capacity)撪偵堐帩偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側傞丅偙偺揔墳愴棯偵傛偭偰庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偼傂偲偮偺嫟懚偺僔僗僥儉傪偮偔傝偁偘丄寢壥偲偟偰庪椔嵦廤幮夛偑尰嵼傑偱懚懕偟偨偲僺乕僞乕僜儞傜偼愢柧偡傞丅岎姺揔墳儌僨儖偼丄儃僘儔僢僾偑採帵偟偨丄擾峩偲掕廧偺寢壥憹壛偟偨恖岥傪巟偊傞偨傔丄愨偊偞傞媄弍妚怴偲楯摥偺廤栺壔傪昁梫偲偡傞丄擾峩幮夛偺敪揥儌僨儖(儃僘儔僢僾1967)偲偼嵺棫偭偨堘偄傪傒偣偰偄傞丅擾峩傪奐巒偟偨恖椶偼偦偺屻乽暥柧乿傪抸偒忋偘傞偙偲偵側傞偑丄惗嶻偺廤栺壔偲偄偆愨偊偢乽朿挘乿偡傞僔僗僥儉傪堐帩偟懕偗側偔偰偼側傜側偐偭偨丅堦曽丄岎姺揔墳儌僨儖偱偼庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偑傂偲偮偺僔僗僥儉偲偟偰乽朿挘乿傪梷偊偨丄宱嵪揑丄幮夛揑嬒峵(equilibrium)忬懺傪昤偒弌偟偰偄傞丅

丂偟偐偟偙偺儌僨儖偺栤戣揰偼丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛傪埨掕揑偱丄惷懺揑側丄曄壔偺側偄幮夛偲偟偰偺僀儊乕僕傪惗嶻偟偰偄傞揰偱偁傞丅岎姺傪攠夘偲偡傞憡屳埶懚娭學偼丄擾峩幮夛偲偺娫偱幚慔偝傟傞偨傔丄偙傟傑偱偺乽妘棧儌僨儖乿偲偼堘偭偰丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲奜晹偲偺婡擻揑娭學傪愢柧偟偰偄傞傛偆偵傒偊傞偑丄幚嵺偼庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛傪偲傕偵傂偲偮偺暵嵔宯偺側偐偵暵偠崬傔偰偄傞丅岎姺揔墳儌僨儖偼丄僾儘僙僗峫屆妛偺怴偨側尋媶偺榞慻傒偵傛傞乽妘棧儌僨儖乿偺忔傝墇偊偲偄偆栚揑傪傕偭偰偄偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄憡屳埶懚娭學偱寢偽傟偨傆偨偮偺幮夛傪丄傂偲偮偺埨掕偟偨丄挿婜娫偵傢偨偭偰嬒峵忬懺傪曐偮僔僗僥儉偲偟偰採帵偟偨偩偗偱丄偦偺僔僗僥儉奜晹偲偺塭嬁娭學傪榑偠偰偄側偄偲偄偆揰偱偼丄偐偨偪傪曄偊偨乽掆懾榑乿乽帪嬻娫偺嬒幙惈乿偺採帵偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅乽掆懾榑乿傪懪攋偟傛偆偲偟偰峔抸偝傟偨岎姺揔墳儌僨儖偑採帵偟偨傕偺偼丄寢嬊丄暥壔巎揑峫屆妛偲摨偠乽帪嬻娫偺嬒幙惈乿偱偁傝丄偐偨偪傪曄偊偨乽妘棧儌僨儖乿偱偁偭偨偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

丂偙偺棟桼偵偼70擭戙偺庪椔嵦廤柉尋媶偺挭棳傪峫椂偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅偙偺帪婜(偁傞偄偼尰嵼偱傕)丄Man the Hunter (Lee and De Vore 1968)偱儕乕傜偵傛偭偰採帵偝傟偨僽僢僔儏儅儞幮夛偺儌僨儖偑峫屆妛幰偵梌偊偨塭嬁椡偼戝偒偄丅偙偺儌僨儖偑惗傒弌偟偨丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偑掅偄楯摥搳壓検偱崅偄惗妶悈弨傪嫕庴偟丄帺慠娐嫬偺彅忦審偵枾愙偵揔墳偡傞偐偨偪偱廮擃偵峔惉偝傟偨暯摍庡媊揑嫟摨懱偱偁傞偲偄偆僀儊乕僕偼丄峫屆妛幰偵峀偔庴偗擖傟傜傟丄悽奅奺抧偺愭巎庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺僀儊乕僕偵廳側傝崌偆傛偆偵側偭偨丅傑偨摨帪偵丄儕乕傜偼尰嵼偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛傪乽愇婍帪戙偺惗偒巆傝乿偲偡傞偙偲偼怲廳偵旔偗側偑傜傕丄夁嫀偐傜尰嵼傑偱偺夁掱傪曄壔偺側偄幮夛偲傒側偡帪娫偺娤擮(timeless sense)偱偲傜偊偰偄偨(Shott 1992:845)丅摨帪婜偵僾儘僙僗峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰偼偠傔傜傟偨柉懓峫屆妛(ethnoarchaeology)偑惗傒弌偟偨儌僨儖傕丄摉弶偐傜僇儔僴儕丒儌僨儖偺塭嬁傪嫮偔庴偗偰偍傝丄岎姺揔墳儌僨儖傕偦偺堦椺偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅傑偨傛傝戝偒側帪戙揑塭嬁偲偟偰峫偊傜傟傞偺偼丄儀僩僫儉愴憟埲崀偺丄婸偐偟偄偼偢偺乽暥柧乿傊搳偘偐偗傜傟偨媈栤傗尪柵偱偁傞丅偙傟偵傛偭偰恖椶妛幰偺傒側傜偢丄懡偔偺峫屆妛幰偑乽旕暥柧悽奅乿偵偍偗傞帺慠偲恖娫偲偺挷榓揑娭學偵儐乕僩僺傾憸傪昤偔尨場偲側傝丄乽崅婱側傞栰斬恖乿僀儊乕僕傪庪椔嵦廤幮夛偵廳偹崌傢偣傞偙偲偵側偭偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

丂乽暥柧乿幮夛偵尪柵傗媈栤傪姶偠傞傛偆偵側偭偰傕丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偼埶慠偲偟偰帺屓([暥柧])偲懳洺偡傞乽栰斬側懠幰乿偺悽奅偲偟偰昞徾偝傟偰偒偨丅僾儘僙僗峫屆妛偵傛偭偰怴偨側棟榑揑榞慻傒偲曽朄偑摫擖偝傟偨偑丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偑摨帪偵懚嵼偟丄憡屳娭學傪曐帩偟偰偒偨壜擻惈偺偁傞悢愮擭娫偺楌巎偼塀暳偝傟偨傑傑偱偁偭偨丅庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺乽妘棧惈乿傗乽嬒幙側帪嬻娫乿偺嫊峔惈偵懳偡傞媍榑偑妶敪偵側傞偵偼(椺偊偽僇儔僴儕榑憟偺傛偆偵)丄偙傟傑偱壢妛揑媞娤庡媊偵傛偭偰尋媶懳徾偲偝傟偰偒偨庪椔嵦廤幮夛帺懱偐傜丄堦曽揑側昞徾偺偁傝曽偵懳偡傞堎媍怽偟棫偰偑惙傫偲側傝丄偦傟偵懳偟偰尋媶幰偑斀墳偡傞傛偆偵側傞帪婜傑偱傑偨側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

俁丏搶撿傾僕傾庪椔嵦廤幮夛尋媶偵偍偗傞乽僇儔僴儕榑憟乿

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺峫屆妛偵偍偄偰丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺乽妘棧惈乿傗乽嬒幙側帪嬻娫乿偺嫊峔惈偑媍榑偝傟傞傛偆偵側傞偺偼丄僿僢僪儔儞僪傜偵傛傞栤戣採婲埲崀偺偙偲偱偁傞(Headland and Reid 1989)丅僼傿儕僺儞丄儖僜儞搰杒搶晹僇僔僌儔儞(Casiguran)偺傾僌僞偵娭偡傞尵岅妛揑丄恖椶妛揑挷嵏傪挿擭偵傢偨偭偰峴偭偰偒偨僿僢僪儔儞僪傜偼丄傾僌僞幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偲偺娫偵偼憡屳埶懚娭學偵傒傜傟傞傛偆側昿斏側岎棳偑偁傞偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄堦斒偵偼傾僌僞偼乽暥柧乿偐傜乽妘棧乿偝傟偨乽栰斬乿側忬懺偵偁傞偲偝傟偰偍傝丄僞僀儔乕傗儌儖僈儞偑偦偺恑壔庡媊偺側偐偱掕幃壔偟偨丄乽栰斬乿丄乽枹奐乿抜奒偐傜乽暥柧乿抜奒傊偲恖娫偼暥壔揑偵恑壔偡傞偲偄偆嫊峔偺恾幃偑丄偄傑偩偵怣偠傜傟偰偄傞偙偲偵懳偟偰媈栤傪採帵偟偨(Headland and Reid 1989:50)丅偦偟偰乽妘棧惈乿偺嫊峔傪懪攋偡傞偨傔偵丄傾僌僞偑擾峩幮夛偲憡屳埶懚娭學傪挿偄娫曐帩偟偰偒偨偙偲傪丄尵岅妛丄惗懺妛丄峫屆妛丄柉懓帍丄屆暥彂側偳偺帒椏傪傕偲偵専摙偟偨(彫愳1996)丅偦偺寢壥丄僿僢僪儔儞僪傜偼栺3000擭慜傑偱偵偼偡偱偵擾峩幮夛偲偺憡屳埶懚娭學偑惉棫偟偰偄偨偲偡傞壖愢傪採帵偟偨丅峫屆妛揑偵偼暋悢偺幮夛娫偵岎棳偑懚嵼偟偨偐斲偐丄偝傜偵偼憡屳埶懚娭學偺傛偆側岎棳偺偁傝曽偵傑偱摜傒崬傫偱専徹偡傞偙偲偼丄峫屆堚暔偺傒偐傜偼傂偠傚偆偵崲擄偱偁傞(Jones 1997, 僗僠儏傾乕僩丒徏杮 n.d.)丅偟偐偟僿僢僪儔儞僪傜偑採帵偟偨壖愢偑崻嫆偵朢偟偄偲偄偆側傜丄摨帪偵尰嵼傑偱捠梡偟偰偄傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺乽妘棧惈乿傪峫屆妛揑偵専徹偡傞偙偲傕崲擄偱偁傞丅懠偺尋媶幰偑偙偺壖愢傪庴偗擖傟傞偵偼丄峫屆帒椏埲奜偺偝傑偞傑側忬嫷徹嫆偱壖愢偺曗嫮傪偼偐傞偲摨帪偵丄乽妘棧惈乿偺嫊峔偵媈栤傪掓偡傞帪戙揑晽挭傕昁梫偱偁傞丅偦偺屻丄偙偺壖愢偵懳偟偰悽奅偺擬懷塉椦庪椔嵦廤幮夛傪尋媶偡傞峫屆妛幰丄恖椶妛幰偑巀斲椉榑偺榑憟傪揥奐偟(Headland and Bailey 1991)丄偁偨偐傕摨帪婜偵峴傢傟偰偄偨僇儔僴儕榑憟(Shott 1992, 抮扟1996嶲徠)偲椶帡偟偨條憡傪掓偟偰偄偨偑丄傎偲傫偳偺尋媶幰偼僿僢僪儔儞僪傜偺壖愢偵斲掕揑偱偁偭偨(Bahuchet, McKey and de Garine 1991, Brosius 1991, Dwyer and Minnegal 1991, Endicott and Bellwood 1991, Stearman 1991)丅偟偐偟偙傟傜俀偮偺榑憟偼偄偢傟傕丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕偺嫊峔惈傪懪攋偟丄塀暳偝傟偨楌巎傪夞暅偡傞偲偄偆嫟捠偺栚揑偺傕偲偵偼偠傔傜傟偨傕偺偱偁偭偨丅巆擮側偑傜搶撿傾僕傾偱偼僇儔僴儕榑憟傎偳偺妶敪側媍榑偼惗傑傟側偐偭偨偑丄榑憟偺婣寢偼憡屳埶懚娭學傪楌巎揑偵専徹偡傞桞堦偺暘栰偱偁傞峫屆妛偵備偩偹傜傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛偑偙偺婜懸偵墳偊傞偵偼丄偙傟傑偱帺傜偑嶌傝忋偘偰偒偨庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕傪戝偒偔曄妚偡傞嶌嬈傪懕偗偰峴偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅

4.偍傢傝偵

丂搶撿傾僕傾偺庪椔嵦廤幮夛偵懳偟偰峫屆妛偑惗嶻偟偰偒偨僀儊乕僕傪丄攷暔娰揥帵偲峫屆妛偺儌僨儖偺曄慗傪捛偭偰専摙偟偰偒偨丅偦偺寢壥丄偦傟傜偺僀儊乕僕偼尰嵼偱傕乽妘棧惈乿傗乽栰斬側懠幰乿傪昞徾偡傞偐偨偪偱惗嶻偝傟偰偒偨偙偲偑柧傜偐偲側偭偨丅偙偺偨傔庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偺憡屳娭學偺楌巎傕乽嬒幙側帪嬻娫乿偵暵偠崬傔傜傟偨傑傑偱偁偭偨丅庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺乽楌巎偺夞暅乿偺摦偒偼丄僇儔僴儕榑憟偲摨偠偔丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕偺嫊峔惈傪懪攋偡傞栚揑偺傕偲偵搶撿傾僕傾偱傕奐巒偝傟偨偑丄僇儔僴儕偺峫屆妛幰偑偙偺栤戣偵懳偟偰偐偐偊傞傎偳偺愗幚偝傪傕偭偰偼寎偊傜傟側偐偭偨丅偙傟傜偺榑憟偺寛拝偼峫屆妛偵婜懸偝傟偰偄傞偑丄暋悢偺幮夛娫偵岎棳偑懚嵼偟偨偙偲傪峫屆帒椏偩偗偱専徹偡傞偙偲偼崲擄偱偁傞丅偦偺偨傔峫屆妛偺榞慻傒偵偦偭偰帺慠壢妛暘栰偺帒椏傗柉懓峫屆妛偐傜峔抸偝傟偨儌僨儖側偳傪墖梡偟側偑傜丄岎棳偺僐儞僥僉僗僩傪楌巎揑偵柧傜偐偵偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅摨帪偵丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺僀儊乕僕傪乽嬒幙側帪嬻娫乿偵暵偠崬傔偰偒偨丄怉柉抧庡媊傗崙柉暥壔偺憡懳壔丄扙帺慠壔偺媍榑偵峫屆妛幰偑嶲擖偟丄梷埑偝傟偨庪椔嵦廤幮夛偺尰幚傪帇栰偵擖傟偨乽楌巎偺夞暅乿傪傔偞偝側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偙偆偟偨嶌嬈偵傛偭偰丄擾峩幮夛偲偺憡屳娭學傪惗偒偨丄怴偨側庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕傪惗嶻偡傞峫屆妛偺棟榑揑榞慻傒峔抸偺壜擻惈偑戱偗傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

拹:擔杮峫屆妛傪椺偵偲傞偲丄暥壔巎揑峫屆妛幰偵傛偭偰丄撽暥搚婍偐傜乽撽暥恖乿傗乽婽儢壀幃搚婍恖乿偑幚懱偲偟偰岅傜傟傞偺偼偙偺偨傔偱偁傞丅傑偨僪僀僣偱偼暥壔巎揑傾僾儘乕僠偑丄僫僠偵傛傞椞搚奼戝傗恖庬惌嶔偵惓摉惈傪梌偊傞崻嫆偲側偭偨偙偲偑榑偠傜傟偰偄傞(Veit 1989, Härke 1998)丅偟偐偟婏柇側偙偲偵丄偙傟傑偱乽峫屆暥壔乿偼柉懓奣擮傪埫帵偟偰偄傞偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄惌帯揑僀僨僆儘僊乕偲偼柍墢偺傕偺偲偝傟偰偒偨(Veit 1989:42)丅

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Archaeologists乫 Image of hunter-gatherers in Southeast Asian Archaeology.

keywards:interdependent relationships, isolation, homogeneity of time and space, fiction of image, making alternative history

Southeast Asian archaeology has produced the images of hunter-gatherer societies in the museum display or archaeological models. Examining the productions of these images in the archaeological history, archaeologists still convey the idea that hunter-gatherers had been isolated from the other societies into these images, even the changes of analytical frameworks and methods of archaeology. But the interdependent symbiotic model on the relationships between hunter-gatherers and farmers in Southeast Asian prehistory challenges to the archaeological representation of ideas on the hunter-gatherer societies. Sharing the issues with the Kalahari revisionists, the model provokes the reconsideration of fiction of 乬isolated hunter-gatherers乭. I discuss the possibility to reconstruct the analytical framework for making alternative history of hunter-gatherers in Southeast Asia, overcoming the illusion of their isolation.