晄掕宍攳曅愇婍峫

1. 偼偠傔偵

搶撿傾僕傾搰涀晹偺僼儗乕僋丒僀儞僟僗僩儕乕偺嵟嬤偺挷嵏尋媶偵偲傕側偄丄僼傿儕僺儞偱傕崙棫攷暔娰傪拞怱偲偟偰奺抧偱挷嵏僾儘僕僃僋僩偑恑峴偟偰偄傞丅偙偺僾儘僕僃僋僩偺堦娐偲偟偰挷嵏偝傟偨丄僼傿儕僺儞丒儖僜儞搰杒晹丄僇僈儎儞廈偺儁僯傾僽儔儞僇(Penablanca)偺愇奃娾戜抧偵嶶嵼偡傞摯寠孮偺拞偺1偮丄儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠弌搚偺愇婍孮傪丄1982擭7丄8寧丄1983擭8丆9寧偺寁4儢寧娫偵傢偨偭偰丄崙棫攷暔娰偺屼岲堄偵傛傝暘愅偡傞婡夛傪梌偊傜傟偨偺偱丄埲壓偦偺寢壥傪曬崘偡傞傕偺偱偁傞丅

2. 儁僯傾僽儔儞僇丒僾儘僕僃僋僩乮恾1丄2乯

僼僅儞丒働乕僯僸僗儚儖僩偑僇僈儎儞宬扟偺僇僶儖儚儞釯婍暥壔傪採彞偟偰埲棃(Koenigswalt 1985)丄僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偱偼1970擭戙偺弶傔偐傜丄宬扟偺拞墰媦傃惣懁偺媢椝抧懷偱丄屆惗恖椶偺嵀愓傪媮傔偰挷嵏偑峴傢傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅偙偺僾儘僕僃僋僩偵傛傝68儢強偺僆乕僾儞僒僀僩偑敪尒偝傟丄敪孈帒椏偲昞嵦帒椏偲偺斾妑尋媶偑峴傢傟偰偄傞(Fox and Peralta 1974)丅

僇僈儎儞愳搶懁偺儁僯傾僽儔儞僇堦懷偵峀偑傞僇儔僆愇奃娾戝抧(Callao Limestone formation)偺峫屆妛揑挷嵏偼1976擭偐傜巒傑偭偨丅暘晍挷嵏偵傛偭偰尰嵼傑偱偵78偺摯寠丄43偺娾堿堚愓偲20偺僆乕僾儞僒僀僩偑敪尒偝傟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺拞偱敪孈挷嵏偑峴傢傟偨偺偼9偮偺摯寠丄1儢強偺僆乕僾儞僒僀僩偱偁傞丅弌搚堚愓偼釯婍丄攳曅愇婍丄搚婍丄拞崙丒儀僩僫儉丒僞僀偺摡帴婍丄惵摵丄揝惢偺嬥懏婍丄僈儔僗價乕僘丄峝嬍惢丠忬帹忺丄恖崪丄摦暔崪丄奓妅摍丄懡婒偵傢偨偭偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺挷嵏偵偮偄偰丄偡偱偵奣曬偑弌偝傟偰偄傞偑丄5偮偺摯寠偵偮偄偰偼傛傝徻嵶側尋媶曬崘偑弌偝傟偰偄傞丅

3. 儁僯傾僽儔儞僇偺帺慠娐嫬

僇僈儎儞愳偼3曽傪埻傓嶳乆偐傜棳傟弌傞悈傪廤傔偰杒棳偟丄傾僷儕偱撿僔僫奀偵偦偦偖丅偙偺愳偑宍惉偡傞嵶挿偄杶抧偼撿杒250km丄搶惣50km偵媦傇丅儁僯傾僽儔儞僇偼僇僈儎儞愳偲偦偺搶懁偵撿杒偵楢側傞僔僄儔丒儅僪儗嶳柆偲偺娫偵埵抲偡傞丅儅僯儔偐傜杒搶500km丄僇僈儎儞廈偺廈搒僩僁僎僈儔僆偐傜搶傊10km偺偲偙傠偵偁傞丅偙偺抧曽偺婥岓偵偼柧妋側塉婫偲姡婫偺嬫暿偼側偄偑丄10寧偐傜11寧偵偐偗偰嵟傕塉偑懡偔丄4寧偐傜5寧偵偐偗偰嵟傕姡憞偟偰偄傞丅擭暯嬒婥壏27.7亷乮1寧24.5亷丄5寧30.5亷乯丄擭娫崀塉検2,500mm偱偁傞丅戜晽僔乕僘儞偼擔杮偲摨偠偔7寧偐傜10寧偵偐偗偰偱偁傞丅偙偙傪棳傟傞僺僫僇僫儚儞愳偼僔僄儔丒儅僪儗嶳柆偵尮傪敪偟丄惣棳偟偰僇僈儎儞愳偵崌棳偡傞丅儁僯傾僽儔儞僇晅嬤偱偙偺愳偼壂愊抧傪宍惉偟偰偄傞乮Wasson and Cochrane 1979)丅

儁僯傾僽儔儞僇偼僗儁僀儞岅偱乽敀偄娾乿傪堄枴偟丄偦偺柤偺偲偆傝撿杒偵墶偨傢傞愇奃娾戜抧偼偲偙傠偳偙傠偱敀偄娾敡傪尒偣偰偄傞丅偙偺愇奃娾偺戜抧偼僔僄儔丒儅僪儗嶳柆偵偦偭偰僇僈儎儞廈撿晹偐傜僀僓儀儔廈杒晹偵媦傫偱偄傞丅僺僫僇僫儚儞愳偼儁僯傾僽儔儞僇偱偙偺愇奃娾戜抧傪撿杒傪2暘偡傞偐偨偪偱側偑傟偰偄傞丅

偙偺愇奃娾戜抧偺怉惗偼傎偲傫偳偑2師椦偱偁傞丅摯寠拞偵偼僐僂儌儕偑懡悢惗懅偟偰偄傞丅傑偨偙偙偵惐傓幁丒挅偼椔巘偺奿岲偺妉暔偱偁傞偑丄悢偼彮側偔側偭偰偒偰偄傞丅唳拵椶傕懡偔丄僇僈儎儞摿桳偺戝僩僇僎偼偟偽偟偽怘梡偵偝傟偰偄傞丅僺僫僇僫儚儞愳偵偼僴僛丒僼僫偺側偐傑傗僥儔僺傾丒愳僄價摍偑惐傒丄搳栐偵傛傞嫏偑偝偐傫偱偁傞丅愺悾偱偼僞僯僔傪廤傔偰怘梡偵偟偰偄傞丅

4. 儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偺敪孈

儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偼僺僫僇僫儚儞愳偵傛偭偰愇奃娾偑暘抐偝傟偨奟柺偵奐岥晹傪帩偪丄奀敳75m丄奀柺斾崅35m偺偲偙傠偵埵抲偡傞丅奐岥晹偐傜奜偼偡偖偵媫孹幬傪側偟偰愳傊偲棊偪崬傫偱偄傞丅偙偺幬柺偵偼庽栘偑斏栁偟丄懳娸偐傜偼奐岥晹傪塎偊側偄丅偙偺摯寠傑偱偼丄愗傝棫偮愇奃娾偺娾敡傪偨傛傝偵媫幬柺傪墶愗偭偰傛偆傗偔払偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅惣懁偺奐岥晹偼僥儔僗忬偵側偭偰偄傞偑丄偡偖偵崅偝4m偺暻偵幷傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺暻偺忋柺偵暿偺幒偑偁傞偑丄偙偙傊偼撿懁偺奐岥晹偐傜擖傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅偦偙偐傜偝傜偵墱偵3偮偺幒偑偁傞偑丄偄偢傟傕埫埮偵暵

偞偝傟偰偄傞丅

杮摯寠偺敪孈挷嵏偼丄1978擭9寧偐傜栺1擭娫偵傢偨傝丄僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偲傾僥僱僆丒僨丒儅僯儔戝妛偑峴偭偨(Barbosa 1979, Dalupan 1981)丅敪孈偼2X2m偺僌儕僢僪偱丄6儢強峴傢傟丄憤柺愊15噓丄怺偝偼40cm偐傜1�5m偱偁傞丅敪孈曽朄偼10cm偛偲偵孈傝壓偘丄慡揰僪僢僩曽幃偱堚暔傪婰榐偟偰偄傞乮恾3乯丅弌搚堚愓偼搚婍曅丄愇婍孮傪拞怱偲偟丄偦偺懠僈儔僗價乕僘傗嬥懏婍曅偑彮検弌搚偟偰偄傞乮昞1乯丅摦暔崪丄奓椶偼攋曅壔偟偰偍傝丄屄懱悢偺悇掕偼峴傢傟偰偄側偄丅摦暔崪偺摨掕偵傛偭偰丄幁丄挅丄墡丄僐僂儌儕丄栰偹偢傒丄嫑丄唳拵椶側偳偑妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅奓椶偱偼26庬棨惐偺僇僞僣儉儕丄扺悈嶻偺彫宆姫奓偑2庬丄奀嶻偺2枃奓偑2庬妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅忋憌晹偱懡偔弌搚偟偰偄傞怉暔庬巕偼斾妑帒椏偑彮側偄偨傔丄庬偺摨掕偑崲擄偩偑丄壥庽偺庬巕偱偁傞壜擻惈偑戝偒偄丅

堚峔偲偟偰偼楩毈偑D幒乮SQ108乯偱専弌偝傟偰偄傞丅彫釯偲摦暔崪曅丄奓曅偑從搚丒奃偲偲傕偵専弌偝傟偨丅搚憌憌彉偼怓挷丒棻搚偵傛偭偰暘憌偝傟偰偄傞偑丄僌儕僢僪娫偺憌彉偺懳墳偼崲擄偱偁偭偨丅偦偙偱丄堚暔偺弌搚忬嫷偐傜丄搚婍傪庡懱偲偡傞憌傪戞2暥壔憌丄偦偺壓偺搚婍傪庡懱偲偡傞憌傪戞1暥壔憌偲偟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺暥壔憌偺擭戙偵偮偄偰偼丄戞1暥壔憌偑10�000BP乣6�000BP丄戞2暥壔憌偑屻婜嬥懏婜帪戙乮200BC乣1�000AD乯偲憐掕偝傟偰偄傞�C14擭戙偼尰嵼偺偲偙傠摼傜傟偰偄側偄丅

5. 愇婍孮偺暘愅

儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偱愇婍孮偑1斣懡偔弌搚偟偰偄傞偺偼僗僋僂僃傾乕3僨傾儖乮昞2乯丅丠婍乮cobble tool)丄愇妀丄愇嶮丄杹愇丄僴儞儅乕僗僩乕儞摍偺愇婍偼枹偩廫暘側暘愅傪峴偭偰偄側偄偑丄弌搚悢偼旕忢偵彮側偄丅愇婍孮偺庡懱傪峔惉偡傞偺偼攳曅丄攳曅愇婍丄僠僢僾偱偁傞丅崱夞偼偙傟傜愇婍孮偺拞偱丄僗僋僂僃傾乕3偺攳曅愇婍偵偮偄偰丄媄弍揑丄婡擻揑暘愅傪峴偭偨丅乮恾4乯

1乯暘愅曽朄

儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠弌搚偺攳曅愇婍孮傕丄搶撿傾僕傾搰涀晹偺攳曅愇婍孮偵摿桳偺晄掕宍惈傪帩偭偰偍傝丄摿掕偺媄弍偵傛偭偰摿掕偺宍懺偵嶌傝忋偘偰偄偔偲偄偭偨丄媄弍揑摿挜傪帩偭偰偄側偄丅偙偆偟偨棟桼偐傜乽愇婍乿傪拪弌偡傞婎弨偑帺偢偲堎側偭偨傕偺偵側偭偰偔傞丅

攳曅愇婍傪拪弌偡傞婎弨偼丄傑偢恘晹偲憐掕偝傟傞屄強偵僟儊乕僕偲偟偰丄儅僀僋儘僼儗乕僉儞僌偑巆偝傟偰偄傞偙偲丄偦偟偰庤偵曐帩偟偨嵺偵丄壖憐恘晹偑巊梡偵揔偟偰偄傞偐偳偆偐偲偄偆揰偵偮偄偰専摙傪峴偄丄懡偔偺攳曅偺拞偐傜乽愇婍乿傪拪弌偟偨丅偙偆偟偰拪弌偟偨攳曅愇婍偼丄偦偺挿偝丄暆丄岤偝丄廳偝丄懪妏丄恘妏摍偺懏惈傪寁應偟偨乮恾6乯丅挿丒暆丒岤偼嵟戝抣傪寁應偟偨丅懪妏丄恘妏偺寁應偵偼僑僯僆儊乕僞乕 傪巊梡偟偨丅

恘宍偵偮偄偰偼丄僟儊乕僕偺媦傇斖埻傪傕偲偵偟偰丄捈恘乮straight)丄撌恘乮convex)丄墯恘乮concave)丄捈/撌恘(straight/convex)丄捈/墯恘乮straight/concave)丄愲恘乮pointed)偺奺宍懺偵暘椶偟偨丅

恘晹偵尒傜傟傞僟儊乕僕乮儅僀僋儘僼儗乕僉儞僌乯傪偦偺搙崌偄偵傛偭偰丄彫丄拞丄戝乮slight,moderate丆heavy)偺3抜奒偵暘偗偰昡壙偟偨丅僟儊乕僕偺娤嶡偵偼丄30攞偺尠旝嬀傪梡偄偨丅

懪柺偺桳柍丄攳棧偺忬懺偵偮偄偰丄傑偨丄2師壛岺偺桳柍偲偦偺摿挜偵偮偄偰丄偦傟偧傟娤嶡傪峴偭偨丅

2乯暘愅寢壥

憤悢652揰偺攳曅偺拞偐傜丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍116揰丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍69揰偑拪弌偝傟偨丅僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺憤恘晹悢偼147丄1揰偺攳曅忋偵暋悢偺恘晹傪傕偮攳曅愇婍偼僠儍乕僩偱31揰丄埨嶳娾偱13揰偱偁傞丅

俙. 媄弍揑暘愅寢壥

攳曅愇婍偺僒僀僘偵偮偄偰丄恾5媦傃昞7丄8丄9偵寁應抧偺摑寁傪庢偭偰傒偨�恾5偺僪僢僩恾偺忋偺儔僀儞偼乭僽儗乕僪乮blade)"偺梫審偺1偮偱偁傞丄挿偝偑暆偺2攞偵偁偨傞儔僀儞傪帵偟偨傕偺偱偁傞丅壓偺儔僀儞偼�挿偝偲暆偑摨偠暔傪帵偡儔僀儞偱偁傞丅偙傟傛傝忋偵僪僢僩偝傟偨攳曅愇婍偼廲挿偱偁傞偑�壓偵僪僢僩偝傟偨傕偺偼墶挿偱偁傞丅僠儍乕僩丄埨嶳娾椉曽偺攳曅愇婍偱丄乭僽儗乕僪乮blade)"偺梫審傪枮偨偡傕偺偼傎偲傫偳側偄丅僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偱偼丄廲挿�墶挿偲傕偵傎傏摨悢偱偁傞丅埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌偵偼墶挿偺傕偺偑傗傗懡偄孹岦偑偁傞丅偄傢備傞奓妅忬攳曅乮concoidal flake)偼埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺曽偵懡偔尒傜傟傞丅偄偢傟偵偟偰傕傎偲傫偳偺攳曅愇婍偺僒僀僘偼丄僞僥丒儓僐偲傕偵5cm埲壓偵偍偝傑傞彫宆偺傕偺偱偁傞丅

懪柺偺娤嶡偐傜丄1乯懪柺偺柍偄傕偺丄2乯懪柺偑尨丠柺偺傕偺丄3乯懪柺偑攳棧柺偺傕偺偵暘偗傞偙偲偑偱偒偨丅1乯懪柺偺柍偄傕偺偼僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偱29揰丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偱2揰擣傔傜傟偨丅懪柺偺柍偄攳曅愇婍偺寚懝柺偵偼丄2師壛岺偵傛傞堄恾揑側僶儖僽偺彍嫀偼擣傔傜傟側偐偭偨丅愗抐偺壜擻惈傕峫偊傜傟傞偑丄尰嵼偺偲偙傠攳曅攳棧帪偺懪柺偺偼偠偗乮blakeage of striking platform)偲峫偊傜傟傞丅捈愙懪朄偵傛傞攳曅攳棧帪偵丄偙偆偟偨懪柺偺偼偠偗偑尒傜傟傞偙偲偵偮偄偰偼僯儏乕僇儅乕乮Newcomer 1971)偺幚尡偑偁傞丅2乯懪柺偵尨丠柺傪巆偡攳曅愇婍偺悢傪丄愇幙暿偵摑寁傪偲偭偰傒偨丅埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺曽偑丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍傛傝傕尨丠柺傪懡偔偲偳傔偰偄傞乮昞3乯丅堦曽丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺懡偔偼丄懪柺偵攳棧柺傪帩偭偰偄傞丅偟偐偟丄偙偺攳棧柺偺傎偲傫偳偼扨攳棧柺懪柺偱峔惉偝傟偰偄傞丅暋攳棧柺懪柺傪傕偮傕偺偼丄嬐偐8揰乮僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍7揰丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍1揰乯偱偁偭偨丅摿掕偺宍懺傪傕偮攳曅偑尒傜傟側偄偙偲偐傜傕丄攳曅攳棧偺嵺偵偼丄堦掕偺懪柺挷惍偼峴傢傟側偐偭偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

尨釯柺偺巆傝曽偑丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偲埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偱堎側傞偺偼丄儔儀儖摯寠偱傕摨條偱偁傞偑乮Ronquillo 1981:Table 1.p.12)丄偙傟偵偮偄偰偼丄愇嵽嫙媼偺栤戣偲娭學偟偰偄傞傛偆偵巚傢傟傞丅埨嶳娾偼摯寠壓偺壨尨偱朙晉偵擖庤偱偒傞丅僠儍乕僩偺愇嵽嫙媼抧偼丄杮摯寠偐傜2km掱杒惣偵偁傞丅僠儍乕僩偺尨釯柺偼偡偱偵丄偙偺嫙媼抧廃曈偱戝妱乮primary modification)偵傛偭偰嶍彍偝傟丄偦偺屻偵摯寠撪偱攳曅攳棧偑峴傢傟偨壜擻惈偑峫偊傜傟傞丅

懪妏傪愇幙暿偵恾帵偟偨乮恾7乯丅偙偺恾偵傛傞偲愇幙偺堘偄偵偐偐傢傜偢丄90搙乣120搙偺娫偵傎偲傫偳偺懪妏偑廤拞偟偰偄傞丅偙偺懪妏偑帵偡攳曅攳棧偼丄捈愙懪朄偵傛傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅偦偙偱丄攳曅攳棧偺幚尡傪峴偭偰傒偨丅懪柺挷惍側偟偺懪柺偵僴儞儅乕僗僩乕儞偵傛傞捈愙懪寕傪壛偊偰傒偨丅愇嵽偼丄墱懡杸嵦廤偺敀怓僠儍乕僩偲忢楥嶳嵦廤偺崟梛愇偱偁傞丅摼傜傟偨攳曅偼僠儍乕僩38揰丄偦偺偆偪懪柺偺偼偠偗偨傕偺偑22揰丄巆傝偺16揰偺懪妏偼94搙乣128搙偱偁偭偨丅崟梛愇偺応崌偼18揰拞懪柺偺偼偠偗偨傕偺7揰偱丄11揰偺懪妏偼111搙乣129搙偱偁偭偨丅偙偺幚尡寢壥偐傜傕丄儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偺攳曅攳棧偼捈愙懪朄偵傛偭偰峴傢傟偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

2師壛岺傪巤偝傟偨攳曅愇婍偼僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偵8揰偁偭偨乮恾11乯丅2師壛岺偼傎偲傫偳偑丄曅柺懁偐傜媫妏搙偵巤偝傟偰偄傞丅2師壛岺偑巤偝傟偨売強偼慡偰恘晹偲偟偰巊梡偝傟偰偄傞丅攳曅偺宍懺傪惍偊傞偨傔偺2師壛岺偱偼側偔丄恘晹嶌弌偺偨傔偺2師壛岺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

2師壛岺偑懡梡偝傟偰偄側偄偙偲丄偦偟偰偦偺2師壛岺傕媫妏搙偺傕偺偱丄愺偔�敄偄2師壛岺乮invasive retouch)偑傒傜傟側偄偙偲偼丄愇婍孮偵億僀儞僩椶乮憚愭丒栴怟乯偑側偄偙偲偺棟桼偵側傞偲巚傢傟傞丅億僀儞僩椶偼2師壛岺偵傛偭偰丄宍偑惍偊傜傟偰偼偠傔偰廫暘偵婡擻傪壥偨偡偙偲偑偱偒傞偲峫偊傜傟傞偐傜偱偁傞丅

2師壛岺偲巊梡偵傛傞僟儊乕僕偼丄偦偺嬫暿偑擄偟偄偑丄昅幰偼丄戝偒偝偵傛偭偰嬫暿偟偨丅偟偐偟丄2師壛岺傕僟儊乕僕傕丄楢懕惈丒僒僀僘偺婯懃惈傪傕偭偰偄傞丅崱夞偼戝偒偝偵傛偭偰嬫暿偟偨偑丄崱屻丄2師壛岺偲偦傟偵傛偭偰宍惉偝傟傞攳棧偺戝偒偝偲偺娭學傪偝傜偵専摙偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅

媄弍揑揱摑偺栤戣偵偮偄偰偼丄弌搚憌埵偺忋壓偱曄壔偑擣傔傜傟傞偐偳偆偐専摙偟偨偑丄攳曅偺僒僀僘丄懪柺偺忬懺丄懪妏丄2師壛岺偺偁傝曽側偳丄弌搚儗儀儖偺堘偄偵傛偭偰媄弍揑側曄壔偼擣傔傜傟側偐偭偨丅傕偟傕丄偙偺傛偆側摿挜揑側媄弍傪帩偨側偄愇婍孮偵懳偟偰丄媄弍揱摑偲偄偆奣擮偑揔梡偱偒傞偲偡傟偽丄挿偄擭寧偺娫偵懲愊偟偨偲峫偊傜傟傞愇婍孮偺媄弍揱摑偵偼丄帪娫揑曄壔偑側偐偭偨偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

俛. 婡擻揑暘愅寢壥

愇婍孮偺婡擻傪暘愅偡傞偨傔丄3偮偺懏惈(恘妏丄恘宍丄僟儊乕僕)偵偮偄偰偺暘愅傪峴偭偨丅

1) 3懏惈屄暿偺暘愅

(a) 恘妏乮昞4)

昞4傪傒傞偲丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偱偼丄30搙乣69搙傑偱偺恘妏偑崅偄弌尰昿搙傪帵偟偰偄傞丅堦曽丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偱偼丄20搙乣49搙偺恘妏偑僺乕僋傪側偟偰偄傞丅50搙埲忋偺恘妏傪帩偮恘晹偑彮側偄偺偑埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺摿挜偱偁傞丅僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偼恘妏偺暘晍偵僶儔僣僉偑偁傝丄塻妏偐傜媫妏搙偺傕偺傑偱丄傎傏嬒摍偵攝暘偝傟偨偐偨偪偱暘晍偟偰偄傞丅昅幰偺峴偭偨娙扨側幚尡偱偼丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偼丄擏傗枲傪愗傞嶌嬈偵偼揔偟偰偄偨偑丄廱旂丄帀朾丄栘丄抾摍傪愗傝丄嶍傞嶌嬈偵偼丄傛傝枾側愇幙偱偁傞僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺曽偑揔偟偰偄偨丅愇幙偺慹丒枾偺堘偄偑丄嶌嬈壜擻側椞堟傪婯掕偟偰偄傞傕偺偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅僙儈儑乕僲僼(Semenov 1964)傗僂僀儖儉僙儞乮Wilmsen 1968)偺寢壥偐傜敾抐偡傞偲丄50搙埲壓偺恘妏偼寉偄嶌嬈(light duty)偵丄50搙埲忋偺恘妏偼廳嶌嬈乮heavy duty)偵揔梡偱偒傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

(b) 恘宍(昞5)

恘宍偲偟偰丄捈恘乮straight)丄撌恘乮convex)丄墯恘乮concave)丄捈恘/撌恘乮straight/convex)丄捈/墯恘乮straight/concave)丄愲恘乮pointed)丄偺5庬椶偵暘椶偟偨丅愲恘偺傕偺偼丄偡偱偵弎傋偨傛偆偵丄憚愭傗栴怟偲偟偰偺婡擻傪帩偮傕偺偱偼側偔丄悕偲偟偰偺壜擻惈偑偁傞傕偺偑1揰専弌偝傟偨丅

昞5偱偼丄捈恘丄撌恘偑偄偢傟偺愇幙偱傕崅偄弌尰昿搙傪帵偡丅墯恘偼僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偵懡偔丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偲偼尠挊側堘偄偑偁傞丅僌乕儖僪乮Gould et al 1969)偼丄墯恘偑栘嵽壛岺乮wood working)偵揔偟丄捈恘丄撌恘偑擏張棟乮butchering)偵揔偟偰偄傞偲偄偆巜揈傪偟偰偄傞丅

(c)僟儊乕僕(昞6)

恘晹僟儊乕僕偺偁傝曽傕丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偲埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偱偼堎側偭偨傕偺偲側偭偰偄傞丅僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偱偼拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮moderate)偑堦斣懡偄偺偵懳偟偰埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偱偼彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮slight)偑堦斣懡偄丅戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮heavy)傕僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺曽偑崅偄弌尰昿搙傪帵偟偰偄傞丅偙偙偱傕傗偼傝丄僟儊乕僕偺偁傝曽偑愇幙偺堘偄偵斀塮偝傟偰偄傞丅愇幙偵傛偭偰嶌嬈偺撪梕偑堎側偭偰偄偨偲峫偊傟偽丄枾側愇幙傪帩偮僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偼丄寉偐傜廳嶌嬈乮light to heavy duty)偵丄慹偄愇幙偺埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偼寉偄嶌嬈乮light duty)偵揔梡偝傟偰偄偨傕偺偲巚傢傟傞丅

埲忋3偮偺懏惈傪屄暿偵暘愅偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偲埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺愇幙偺堘偄偵傛傞嶌嬈岠棪丄嶌嬈椞堟偺暆偺堘偄偑柧傜偐偲側偭偨丅鉱枾側僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偼暆峀偄嶌嬈椞堟偱梡偄傜傟傞偑丄慹偄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偼嶌嬈椞堟偑嫹偔丄庡偵乽愗乿摍偺寉偄嶌嬈偵梡偄傜傟偨傕偺偲憐掕偝傟傞丅

搶撿傾僕傾偺僼儗乕僋丒僀儞僟僗僩儕乕偵偮偄偰丄恘晹僟儊乕僕偺暘愅偑尷傜傟偨尋媶幰偵傛偭偰峴傢傟偰偄傞偑乮Gorman 1971a,b, Peterson 1974a,b, Hutterer 1974. Ronqnillo 1981, Thiel 1980)丄偙傟傜偑帵嵈偡傞偲偙傠偵傛傟偽丄攳曅愇婍偑栘嵽壛岺乮wood working)偵娭梌偟偰偄偨偲偝傟偰偄傞丅儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偺愇婍孮偼丄億僀儞僩椶偑傒傜傟偢丄壛岺嬶乮2師揑摴嬶乯偲偟偰偺惈奿傪傕偮攳曅愇婍偱峔惉偝傟偰偄傞傛偆偩丅搶撿傾僕傾偺愇婍孮偺摿挜偼丄捈愙丄娐嫬偵摥偒偐偗傞摴嬶乮1師揑摴嬶乯傪惢嶌偡傞偨傔偺摴嬶亖壛岺嬶偲偄偆惈奿偵偁傞丅儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偺愇婍孮傕壛岺嬶偲偟偰偺嶌嬈僇僥僑儕乕偺拞偱丄偝傑偞傑側梡搑偵巊梡偝傟偨傕偺偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅偙傟傜偺偙偲傪峫椂偟偰丄偙偙偱偼丄儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偺愇婍孮偺婡擻偵偮偄偰丄嶌嬈撪梕偺戝偒側儚僋慻傒偲偟偰丄乽愗傞嶌嬈乮cutting)乿偲乽嶍傞嶌嬈乮whittling)乿傪憐掕偡傞傕偺偲偡傞丅

埲忋偺懏惈暘愅偐傜丄3偮偺懏惈偺寢傃偮偒偺孹岦傪梊應偡傞偙偲偑偱偒偨丅懄偪丄1乯捈恘乮straight)偵偼50搙埲壓偺恘妏偲彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮slight)丄2乯撌恘乮convex)偵偼50搙埲壓偺恘妏偲彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕偁傞偄偼拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮moderate)偑丄偦偟偰丄3乯墯恘乮concave)偵偼50搙埲忋偺恘妏偲戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮heavy)偲偑寢傃偮偔孹岦偑塎偑偊傞丅傑偨偙偺傛偆側摿掕偺懏惈偺寢傃偮偒偼摿掕偺婡擻偲寢傃偮偔壜擻惈偑偁傞丅乽愗傞嶌嬈乮cutting)乿偼1乯媦傃2乯偲丄乽嶍傞嶌嬈乮whittling)乿偼3乯偲寢傃偮偔壜擻惈偑偁傞丅偙傟傜偺寢傃偮偒偺孹岦傪偁傞庬偺婯斖偁傞偄偼婜懸抣偲偟偰丄師偵丄幚嵺偺懏惈偺寢傃偮偒傪専摙偟偰愇婍孮偺婡擻揑側慻惉傪柧傜偐偵偟偰備偒偨偄丅

2乯2偮偺懏惈娫偺娭學

(a) 恘妏倃恘宍乮恾8乯

恾8偼恘妏傪10搙偛偲偵暘偗丄偦傟偧傟偺恘妏偑丄偳偺恘宍偲寢傃偮偔偐傪愇幙暿偵僌儔僼偵帵偟偨傕偺偱偁傞丅僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺恾傪尒傞偲丄撌恘乮convex)偺3暘偺2偑50搙埲壓偺恘妏傪傕偭偰偄傞偙偲偑暘偐傞丅堦曽丄捈恘乮straight)偺3暘偺2偑50搙埲忋偺恘妏傪傕偮丅傑偨墯恘乮concave)偺2暘偺1偼50搙埲壓偵傕尒傜傟傞丅埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺僌儔僼偱偼丄墯恘偑彮側偄丅傎偲傫偳偑捈恘偲撌恘偱丄50搙埲壓偺恘妏偱偁傞丅埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌丄2偮偺懏惈偺寢傃偮偒偺孹岦偼乽婜懸抣乿偵崌抳偡傞傕偺偱偁傞偑僠儍乕僩偺応崌偵偼丄捈恘偺3暘偺2偑50搙埲忋偺恘妏傪傕偮偙偲丄偦偟偰墯恘偺2暘偺1偑50搙埲壓偱偁傞偙偲偼乽婜懸抣乿偐傜偼偢傟偰偄傞丅

(b) 恘妏倃僟儊乕僕

恾9偺僌儔僼傪傒傞偲丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌丄彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮slight乯偲拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮moderate)偺3暘偺2偼丄50搙埲忋偺恘妏傪帩偮丅傑偨戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮heavy)偺3暘偺2偼丄50搙埲忋偺恘妏傪帩偮偙偲偑暘偐傞丅埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌偱偼彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮slight)偲拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮moderate)偑戝敿偱丄偄偢傟傕50搙埲壓偺恘妏傪帩偮丅偙偙偱傕埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌偼丄乽婜懸抣乿偳偆傝偱偁傞偑丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌偵偼2偮偺僟儊乕僕偺搙崌偄偺偄偢傟傕丄3暘偺1偑乽婜懸抣乿傪偼偢傟偰偄傞丅

(c) 恘宍倃僟儊乕僕乮恾10乯

恾10偱偼丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌丄捈恘乮straight乯丄撌恘乮convex)偑丄彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮slight)媦傃丄拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮moderate)偲寢傃偮偄偰偄傞丅墯恘乮concave)偼拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕丄戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮heavy乯偲寢傃偮偔孹岦偵偁傞丅埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺僌儔僼傪尒傞偲丄捈恘丄撌恘偑彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕偲寢傃偮偔傕偺偑戝敿偱丄拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕丄戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕偲偺寢傃偮偒偑丄旕忢偵彮側偄丅傗偼傝偙偙偱傕埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偼乽婜懸抣乿偳偆傝偱丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺曽偼戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕偺2暘偺1偑捈恘丄撌恘偲寢傃偮偄偰偄傞揰偑丄乽婜懸抣乿偐傜偼偢傟偰偄傞丅

2偮偺懏惈傪懳墳偝偣偨僌儔僼偐傜暘偐傞偙偲偼丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌偼丄乽婜懸抣乿傪枮偨偟偰偄傞偺偵懳偟偰丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺応崌偼傛傝暋嶨側條憡傪帵偟偰偄傞偲偄偆偙偲偱偁傞丅偙偺揰傪婡擻揑偵夝庍偡傞偲丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偼庡偵乽愗傞嶌嬈乮cutting)乿拞怱偵梡偄傜傟偨偺偵懳偟偰丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偼乽愗傞嶌嬈乮cutting)乿偐傜乽嶍傞嶌嬈乮whittling)乿傑偱暆峀偔梡偄傜傟偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

3乯3偮偺懏惈偺懳墳娭學乮昞10乯

崱搙偼3偮偺懏惈傪偄偭傌傫偵懳墳偝偣偰丄偙傟傜懏惈偺寢傃偮偒偺孹岦偐傜愇婍孮慡懱偺婡擻揑慻惉傪峫偊偰傒偨丅

攳曅愇婍偺弌搚忬嫷恾乮恾4乯偐傜2偮偺愇婍孮乮assemblage)傪拪弌偟偨丅儅僀僫僗100cm偐傜儅僀僫僗119cm偺傕偺傪愇婍孮俛偲偡傞丅2偮偺愇婍孮偛偲偵恘妏丄恘宍丄僟儊乕僕偺慻傒崌傢偣傪昞偵帵偟偨乮昞10乯丅傑偢愇婍孮俙偱偼丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偲傕偵捈恘乮straight)丄撌恘乮convex)偲彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮slight)丄拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮moderate乯偲偺寢傃偮偒偑懡偄丅堦曽丄墯恘乮concave)偑旕忢偵彮側偄丅偙偺孹岦偼乽婜懸抣乿偵傛偔堦抳偟丄愇婍孮慡懱偺婡擻偲偟偰乽愗傞嶌嬈乮cutting)乿偑庡懱揑偱偁偭偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

愇婍孮俛偼丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偑摿挜揑偵彮側偄丅僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偼丄50搙埲壓偺恘妏偱偼丄撌恘偺拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕偲墯恘偺拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕偑懡偔尒傜傟傞丅50搙埲忋偺恘妏偱偼丄捈恘偺拞掱搙偺僟儊乕僕偲墯恘偺戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕乮heavy)偑懡偔尒傜傟傞丅偙偙偱乽婜懸抣乿偐傜偼偢傟傞傕偺偼丄50搙埲壓偺恘妏偱墯恘偺戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕丄偦偟偰50搙埲忋偺恘妏偱丄捈恘偺彫掱搙偺僟儊乕僕偱偁傞丅偟偐傕丄捈恘偺恘晹偵偼僔儕僇僌儘僗乮silica gloss)偺晅拝偑懡偔尒傜傟傞丅偙傟傪懠偺恘宍偲斾妑偟偰傕丄僔儕僇僌儘僗偼捈恘偵摿挜揑偱偁傞偙偲偑傢偐傞丅恘晹偵巆傞僔儕僇僌儘僗偺宍惉偵娭偟偰偼丄僇儈儞僈偺尋媶偑偁傞乮Kamminga 1977)丅摉奩抧堟偱僔儕僇傪娷傓怉暔偲偟偰偼僀僱壢怉暔丄僞働丄摗側偳偑峫偊傜傟傞丅僀僱壢怉暔偱偁傞壜擻惈偼崅偄偑丄扽壔暷丒栢嵀側偳偑専弌偝傟偰偄側偄偺偱丄柧妋偱偼側偄丅僞働傗摗偼搶撿傾僕傾偱峀偔丄摴嬶偲偟偰棙梡偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺傛偆側怉暔偺嵶偐偄壛岺偵愇婍偑屆偔偐傜棙梡偝傟偰偒偨壜擻惈傕崅偄丅

乽婜懸抣乿偱偼丄捈恘丄撌恘偼乽愗傞嶌嬈乮cutting)乿偵娭梌偟偰偄傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟偨偑丄愇婍孮俛偱偼乽婜懸抣乿偐傜偼偢傟傞偙傟傜偺恘宍偑丄乽愗傞嶌嬈乮cutting)乿偲乽嶍傞嶌嬈乮whittling)乿偺偄偢傟偵丄偳傟偩偗娭梌偟偰偄偨偐柧妋偱偼側偄丅偦偙偱丄偙偺揰傪梊應偡傞偨傔偵丄1屌懱偱暋悢偺恘晹傪帩偮攳曅愇婍偺丄恘晹偺慻傒崌偣偺偁傝曽傪専摙偟偰傒偨丅偙傟偵傛傞偲捈恘偲墯恘偺慻傒崌偣偑懡偔丄傑偨撌恘傕墯恘偲慻傒崌偝傞偲50搙埲忋偺恘妏傪傕偭偰偄傞偙偲偑傢偐偭偨丅偙偺寢壥偐傜丄傕偟丄摨堦偺攳曅愇婍忋偵偁傞暋悢偺恘晹偑丄摨堦偺嶌嬈偵懳偟偰摨帪偵梡偄傜傟偨偲壖掕偡傟偽丄捈恘丄偦偟偰撌恘傕懡彮偼乽嶍傞嶌嬈乮whittling)乿偵娭梌偟偰偄偨傕偺偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

埲忋偺寢壥偐傜丄愇婍孮俛偼慡懱偲偟偰乽嶍傞嶌嬈乮whittling)乿偵娭梌偟偰偄偨斾廳偑戝偒偄傕偺偲梊應偝傟傞丅

俇. 晄掕宍攳曅愇婍偺僔僗僥儉

儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偺愇婍孮偵偮偄偰丄媄弍偲婡擻偵娭偡傞暘愅寢壥傪曬崘偟偨丅偟偐偟丄媄弍揑偵偼旕忢偵扨弮偱丄婡擻揑偵偼壛岺嬶偱偁傞偲偄偭偨傛偆偵丄戝儚僋偺拞偱偟偐愇婍孮偺惈奿傪偮偐傓偙偲偑偱偒側偐偭偨丅偙偆偟偨尷奅偐傜慜恑偡傞偨傔偵丄埲壓偱偼晄掕攳曅愇婍偑惂嶌偝傟丄巊梡丒攑婞偝傟傞傑偱偺夁掱傪峫偊偰傒偨偄丅

1)愇嵽妋曐

僠儍乕僩偺愇嵽偼丄尰嵼杮摯寠偐傜5km偺斖埻撪偱2儢強偺嵦庢応偑抦傜傟偰偄傞丅堦曽丄埨嶳娾偺愇嵽偼壨尨偱嵦庢偝傟偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟丄梕堈偵擖庤壜擻偱偁傞丅傕偟丄偙偆偟偨忦審偑摉帪傕丄崱偲摨偠偱偁偭偨偲偡傟偽丄僠儍乕僩偺愇嵽偼丄検揑偵傕丄嵦庢応傕尷傜傟偰偄偨偙偲偵側傞丅摴嬶偲偟偰埨嶳娾傛傝傕桳岠側僠儍乕僩偺愇嵽偵偼丄埨嶳娾傛傝傕乽娗棟乿偺搙崌偑崅偐偭偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

2)愇妀挷惍

攳曅愇婍偺懪柺偵巆偝傟偨尨釯柺偺偁傝曽偼丆愇幙偵傛偭偰堘偄偑擣傔傜傟偨丅僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺懪柺偵偼丄尨釯柺偑偁傑傝巆偭偰偄側偄丅偙傟偼丄僠儍乕僩偺尨釯柺傪堄恾揑偵嶍彍偟偰丄懪柺宍惉傪峴偭偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅偟偐偟丄愇妀挷惍傕尨釯柺嶍彍偑峴傢傟偨偺傒偱丄嵶偐偄懪柺挷惍偺嵀偼塎偊側偄丅懪柺偑暋攳棧柺懪柺傪傕偮攳曅愇婍偼8揰偺傒偱丄堦掕偺婯奿惈傪傕偮攳曅傪庢傞偨傔偺嵶偐偄懪柺挷惍偑峴傢傟偰偄偨偲偼峫偊傜傟側偄丅堦曽丄埨嶳娾偺愇妀偼僠儍乕僩傎偳挷惍傪峴傢偢丄壨尨愇傪偦偺傑傑丄尨釯柺嶍彍偡傞偙偲側偔丄攳曅攳棧偑峴傢傟偰偄偨傕偺偲巚傢傟傞丅

3)攳曅攳棧

懪妏乮90搙乣120搙乯偺孹岦偐傜峫偊偰丄攳曅攳棧偼捈愙懪朄偵傛傞傕偺偲巚傢傟傞丅懪柺偺暆偑峀偄偙偲(1cm亄亅乯傕丄捈愙懪朄傪埫帵偟偰偄傞丅偨偩偟丄僴儞儅乕偺峝擃偵偮偄偰偼柧妋偱偼側偄丅捈愙懪朄偱偺攳曅攳棧側傜丄僴儞儅乕僗僩乕儞偱傕丄僜僼僩僴儞儅乕乮幁妏摍乯偱傕丄摨偠摿挜傪帩偮攳曅偑摼傜傟傞偐傜偱偁傞丅

僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺懪柺偺寚懝偼丄懪柺挷惍傪巤偟偰偄側偄愇妀偵丄捈愙懪寕傪壛偊偰攳曅攳棧傪峴偆嵺丄懪柺偑偼偠偗偨傕偺偱偁傞壜擻惈偑崅偄丅巹偺峴偭偨娙扨側幚尡偺帵嵈偡傞偲偙傠偱偁傞丅尰嵼丄185揰偺愇婍偺傒偵偮偄偰偺暘愅偱偁傞偺偱丄偙傟傜偺彅栤戣偼偝傜偵愇婍埲奜偺攳曅丄僠僢僾丄愇妀側偳偺暘愅偲丄惢嶌幚尡偵傛偭偰柧妋偵偝傟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅

4)攳曅挷惍乮2師壛岺乯

2師壛岺偵傛傞挷惍傪庴偗偨偲峫偊傜傟傞攳曅愇婍偼丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偵8揰傒傜傟偨丅偙傟傜2師壛岺偺栚揑偼恘晹傪嶌傝弌偡偨傔偱丄堦掕偺宍懺傪嶌傝弌偡偨傔偺傕偺偲偼峫偊傜傟側偄丅偙偆偟偰弌棃忋偑偭偨恘晹偼丄墯恘(concave)5揰丄撌恘(convex)2揰丄捈恘(straight)1揰偱偁傞丅恘妏偼46搙乣81搙偲丄媫妏搙偺孹岦傪帵偡丅僟儊乕僕偺偁傝曽傕丄傎偲傫偳戝掱搙偺僟儊乕僕(heavy)偱偁傞偺偱丄�嶍傞嶌嬈乮whittling)乿偺偨傔偺恘晹傪嶌弌偡傞堄恾偑姶偠傜傟傞丅2師壛岺偼旕忢偵尷傜傟偨攳曅愇婍偵偟偐傒傜傟側偐偭偨丅懠偺戝懡悢偼攳曅攳棧偺宍懺偦偺傑傑偵巊梡偝傟偰偄傞丅傢偢偐偵傒傜傟傞2師壛岺傕丄恘晹嶌弌偺偨傔偱偁偭偰丄傢傟傢傟偵偲偭偰愇婍偲偟偰擣掕偟傗偡偄丄堦掕偺宍懺傪惍偊傞偨傔偺2師壛岺偱偼側偄丅惢嶌媄朄偵傒傜傟傞偙偺愇婍孮偺摿挜偼丄傢傟傢傟偑峫屆妛偱傒偰偒偨愇婍偺惈奿偲偼偐側傝堎幙側傕偺偱偁傞丅惢嶌媄弍偺扨弮偝丄愇婍偺晄掕宍惈偼丄摿堎側媄弍揑惈奿傪傕偮傕偺偲偟偰拲栚偝傟傞丅

5)愇婍偺慖戰

傢傟傢傟偑峫屆妛偱丄堦斒揑偵妛傫偱偒偨愇婍偲偄偆傕偺偼丄惢嶌帪偐傜偝傑偞傑側媄朄傪梡偄偰丄堦掕偺宍懺偵廂懇偝偣偰偄偔偲偄偭偨丄堦楢偺媄弍偺棳傟偺拞偱嶌傝弌偝傟偨傕偺偱偁偭偨丅傢傟傢傟偼丄堦掕偺宍懺傪傕偮偲偄偆偙偲傪丄愇婍偺戞1媊揑懏惈偲偟偰擣幆偟偰偒偨丅愇婍尋媶偺拞偱媍榑偝傟偰偄傞悽奅拞偺偝傑偞傑側愇婍惢嶌媄朄偼丄愇婍傪堦掕偺宍懺傊偲嶌傝忋偘偰偄偔夁掱偱偁傞丅尰嵼偺峫屆妛偺悽奅偱偼丄媄弍偲偼宍懺傪嫮偔堄幆偟偨媄弍偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

堦曽丄杮摯寠弌搚偺愇婍孮偼丄偦偺宍懺偑堦掕偱側偄偙偲偐傜丄愇婍偲偟偰偺堄枴晅偗偺巇曽傕堎側偭偨傕偺偱偁傞偵堘偄側偄丅惢嶌媄朄傪傕偆堦搙怳傝曉偭偰傒傞偲丄捈愙懪朄偵傛偭偰丄懪柺挷惍傪巤偝偢偵攳曅攳棧偑峴傢傟偰偄傞丅偙偺帪揰偱偼丄攳棧偟偨攳曅傪愇婍偲偟偰巊梡偡傞偲偄偆偩偗偺丄敊慠偲偟偨堄幆傪姶偠偝偣傞偩偗偱丄偦偺屻偵2師壛岺傪壛偊愇婍偲偡傞偨傔偺丄栚揑揑攳曅 (僽儔儞僋乯傪攳棧偡傞偲偄偭偨堄幆偼丠偊側偄丅偦偟偰丄2師壛岺偑廳梫側媄朄偲偟偰梡偄傜傟偰偄側偄偙偲偼丄攳棧偟偨攳曅傪愇婍偲偟偰丄堦掕偺宍懺偵廂懇偝偣偰偄偔偲偄偭偨堄恾偑側偄偙偲傪埫帵偟偰偄傞丅偙偆偟偨惢嶌媄弍偼丄崱傑偱専摙偟偰偒偨攳曅愇婍偺傎偲傫偳偺懏惈(挿丄暆丄岤廳丄恘妏丄恘宍)傪丄攳曅攳棧帪偵寛掕偟偰偟傑偆丅攳棧屻丄攳曅傪2師壛岺偵傛偭偰丄愇婍偲偟偰偺堄枴晅偗偑側偝傟偨傕偺偼旕忢偵彮側偄丅偦傟屘丄傎偲傫偳偺攳曅愇婍偼丄攳棧屻偺帪揰偱丄愇婍丒攳曅偲偄偭偨堄枴偺堘偄偼側偄丅攳曅偼攳棧偝傟偨攳曅孮偺拞偐傜惢嶌幰偁傞偄偼巊梡幰偑丄摿掕偺嶌嬈偵揔偟偨丄摿掕偺懏惈傪傕偮攳曅傪慖戰偟偰偼偠傔偰丄愇婍偲偟偰偺堄枴晅偗偑側偝傟傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

6)愇婍偺巊梡丒攑婞

尰嵼偺偲偙傠丄偙傟傜偵偮偄偰嬶懱揑偵弎傋傞偙偲偺偱偒傞帒椏偼彮側偄丅偨偩崱屻偺尋媶偺偨傔偵峫偊偰偍偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄揰偵偮偄偰傆傟偨偄丅

傑偢偙傟傜偺愇婍孮偑壛岺嬶偱偁傞偲偄偆偙偲偱偁傞丅攳曅愇婍偼丄摴嬶敔偺拞恎偲偟偰峫偊傟偽丄摴嬶慡懱傪帵偟偰偄傞偺偱偼側偔丄堦晹傪側偟偰偄傞偵偡偓側偄丅懠偺愇惢偺摴嬶椶(丠婍丄扏偒愇丄杹愇丄愇嶮摍乯偲偺娭學傪専摙偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅傑偨摨帪偵丄攳曅愇婍偵傛偭偰壛岺偝傟偰嶌傝弌偝傟傞丄愇惢埲奜偺摴嬶椶乮怉暔惈丄崪惈丄妏惢丄奓惢乯傕廳梫偱偁傞丅壛岺嬶偲偟偰偺愇婍偺巊梡傪峫偊傞偲丄壛岺嬶帺懱偲旐壛岺暔偺尨嵽妋曐丄摴嬶惢嶌丄堐帩丄娗棟偵偍偗傞娭學偑廳梫側堄枴傪帩偭偰偔傞丅偝傜偵丄堦師揑摴嬶偱偁傞旐壛岺嬶偺巊梡傪峫偊傞帪偵偼丄捈愙丄廃埻偺帺慠娐嫬偵懳偡傞摥偒偐偗偺偁傝曽偑栤戣偲側偭偰偔傞丅攑婞偺栤戣偼巊梡偲昞棤堦懱偱丄愇婍偺堏摦丄応偺棙梡偺偟偐偨丄愇嵽嫙媼偺偁傝曽丄旐壛岺暔偺尨嵽偺暘晍摍丄彅梫慺偺娭學偑廳梫側揰偵側傞傕偺偲巚傢傟傞丅

7. 偍傢傝偵

儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偺愇婍孮偺媄弍揑丒婡擻揑暘愅傪傕偲偵偟偰丄埲壓偺偙偲傪柧傜偐偵偟偨丅

侾. 杮愇婍孮偼丄壛岺嬶乮擇師揑摴嬶乯偲偟偰偺惈奿傪婎挷偲偟偰偄傞丅愇婍孮偵愲摢婍偑寚擛偡傞偙偲偼丄僼傿儕僺儞彅搰慡懱偵尒傜傟傞孹岦偱偁傞偑丄偙偆偟偨堦師揑摴嬶偼丄愇埲奜偺暔幙乮栘丄抾丄崪丄偦偺懠乯偵傛偭偰惢嶌偝傟偨偲憐掕偱偒傞丅

俀. 弌搚憌埵偺堎側傞俀偮偺愇婍孮偵丄婡擻揑側堘偄偑偁傞偙偲傪柧傜偐偵偟偨丅偡側傢偪愇婍孮俙偼乽愗傞嶌嬈乮cutting乯乿偵丄愇婍孮俛偼乽嶍傞嶌嬈乮whittling)乿偵娭梌偟偰偄傞偙偲偑梊應偝傟傞丅

俁. 晄掕宍攳曅愇婍偺惢嶌偐傜攑婞偵偄偨傞僾儘僙僗傪梊應偟丄崱屻偺尋媶揥朷傪帵偟偨丅偙偺僾儘僙僗偺拞偱丄晄掕宍攳曅愇婍偺戝偒側摿挜偲峫偊傜傟傞偺偼丄惢嶌幰丒巊梡幰偑攳曅孮偺拞偐傜丄摿掕偺嶌嬈偵揔偟偨丄摿掕偺恘妏丒恘宍丒僒僀僘傪傕偮攳曅傪慖戰偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄攳曅偐傜愇婍傊偺堄枴偺曄姺偑峴傢傟傞偲偄偆揰偱偁傞丅

崱屻偵巆偝傟偨壽戣偲偟偰丄傑偢攳曅愇婍偺婡擻傪傛傝尩枾偵尷掕偡傞偙偲偑昁梫偱偁傞丅偙偺偨傔丄巊梡嵀偲偟偰儅僀僋儘僼儗乕僉儞僌傪庢傝忋偘丄巊梡幚尡傪峴偄丄偦偺寢壥偲堚暔偵巆傞儅僀僋儘僼儗乕僉儞僌偲傪斾妑専摙偡傞丅傑偨丄偙傟傜壛岺嬶偲偟偰偺惈奿傪傕偮攳曅愇婍偲丄旐壛岺暔偲偟偰憐掕偝傟傞桳婡暔偲偺娭學傕専摙傪梫偡傞丅怉暔惈偺旐壛岺暔偼堚懚偟偰偄側偄丅摦暔崪偺夝朥妛揑晹埵偲壛岺嵀偺専摙偐傜巒傔偨偄丅

惢嶌偐傜攑婞偺僾儘僙僗偺拞偱丄乽愇婍偺慖戰乿偼奣擮偲偟偰婡擻偡傞偲峫偊傜傟傞偑枹偩悇掕偺堟傪弌側偄丅偙偺奣擮傪廫暘偵婡擻偝偣傞偨傔偵偼丄惍宍媄朄偲偟偰偺俀師壛岺偑側偤懡梡偝傟側偐偭偨偺偐丄傑偨丄愇婍埲奜偺攳曅孮偑丄側偤愇婍偲偟偰慖戰偝傟側偐偭偨偺偐丄偵偮偄偰専摙偺梋抧偑巆偝傟偰偄傞丅

庪椔嬶乮侾師揑摴嬶乯偲憐掕偱偒傞億僀儞僩椶偑丄愇婍孮偺拞偵寚擛偟偰偄傞偙偲偼丄俀師壛岺偑懡梡偝傟偰偄側偄偲偄偆帠幚傪斀塮偟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟丄搶撿傾僕傾搰涀晹偺懠偺抧堟乮僕儍儚搰丄僗儔僂僃僔搰乯偱偼丄億僀儞僩椶偑弌搚偟偰偄傞丅崱屻丄搰涀晹撪偱丄攳曅愇婍偺暥壔揱摑偑屳偄偵偳偺傛偆側娭學偵偁傞傕偺偐丄斾妑専摙偡傞梊掕偱偁傞丅

幱帿:偙偺榑暥偼丄惷揑側峫屆帒椏偐傜摦揑側恖娫峴摦傊偲栚傪奐偄偰壓偝偭偨惣懞惓塹愭惗偺偛巜摫偺壓偵嶌惉偟偨丄廋巑榑暥偺堦晹偱偁傞丅忋抭戝妛傾僕傾尋媶強偺惵桍梞帯愭惗偵偼丄偙偺挷嵏丒尋媶慡斒偵傢偨偭偰丄傂偲偐偨側傜偸屼巟墖丒屼巜摫傪帓偭偨丅傑偨丄堚暔偺暘愅丄側傜傃偵杮榑暥偺敪昞偵懳偟丄摿暿偺嫋壜傪夣偔梌偊偰壓偝偭偨僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偺僄僶儞僎儕僗僞乮俙.Evangelista乯暃娰挿丄儁儔儖僞乮俰.Peralta乯巵丄偦偟偰愇婍偺暘愅傪屼巜摫偟偰壓偝偭偨儘儞僉儕僆乮倂.Ronquillo) 巵偵姶幱偟偨偄丅傑偨丄儔僩僁丒儔僩僁摯寠偺敪孈扴摉幰偱偁傞丄僶儖儃僢僒乮俙.Barbosa乯巵側傜傃偵儃儞僩僢僋乮俶.Bondoc乯巵偵偼條乆側偛巜揈傪偄偨偩偄偨丅愇婍偺暘愅偵偮偄偰丄搶嫗戝妛憤崌帒椏娰偺塏栰婤巵丄搶嫗戝妛峫屆妛尋媶幒偺埨嵵惓恖巵偵偼丄偝傑偞傑側屼彆尵傪偄偨偩偄偨丅僄乕儖戝妛偺僋儗僗巵乮俰.Kress乯偵偼丄巵偺慡榑暥傪憲偭偰偄偨偩偄偨丅偙偙偵柧婰偟偰姶幱偺堄傪昞偟偨偄丅

拹

(1)Rabel Cave(Ronquillo 1981), Laurente Cave(Henson 1978,1980), Aruku Cave and Musang Cave(Thiel 1980),Lattu-Lattuc Cave(Dalupan 1981)傪嶲徠丅

(2)10�000俛丒俹乣6�000俛丒俹偼丄尰嵼傑偱偺偲偙傠丄僼傿儕僺儞偱堦斣屆偄搚婍偺弌搚偑尒傜傟傞帪婜偱丄偦傟埲慜傑偱偼丄忋晹媽愇婍帪戙乮Upper Plaeolithic乯偑懕偄偰偄偨傕偺偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞乮Peralta 1981:5)丅

(3)搶撿傾僕傾偱偼丄釯婍偼堦斒偵乭Pebble Tool乭偲屇偽傟偰偄傞偑丄僼傿儕僺儞偱偼丄抧幙妛忋偺梡岅偺掕媊乮Pebble偼2乣64mm丄Cobble偼64乣256mm乯偵偟偨偑偄丄偙傟傪丄乭Cobble Tool乭偲屇傫偱偄傞乮Dictionary of Geological Terms 1976)丅

(4)宆幃妛乮Typology乯揑側暘椶偑崲擄側忬嫷傪帵偟偰偄傞丅偙偺偨傔搰涀晹偱偼丄庡偵攳曅愇婍暘愅偺偨傔丄婡擻偺懁偐傜偺傾僾儘乕僠偑側偝傟偰偄傞乮Hutterer 1974丆Perter-son 1974a,b丆Gorman 1971a,b)丅僯儏乕僊僯傾偵偍偄偰傕丄儂儚僀僩偵傛傞摨條側暘愅偑偁傞(White 1969,1972)丅

(5)巊梡嵀偺堦庬丅巊梡偵傛偭偰宍惉偝傟傞恘晹墢曈偵巆傞嵶偐偄攳棧嵀丅偦偺懠慄忬嵀(Striation乯傗杹嵀乮Abration乯摍偼妋擣偱偒側偐偭偨丅儅僀僋儘僼儗乕僉儞僌偺暘愅偵偮偄偰偼丄Tringham et al 1974丆Odell and Odell 1980丆垻巕搰1981丄屼摪搰1982傪嶲徠偟偨丅

(6)暱偑憰拝偝傟偰偄偨壜擻惈傕峫偊傞昁梫偑偁傞偑丄堚暔傗柉懓椺偵偼偙偺傛偆側彫宆偺攳曅愇婍偑拝暱偝傟偰偄偨椺偑尒傜傟側偄偙偲偐傜丄庤偵傛傞愇婍偺曐帩傪婎杮揑側巊梡宍懺偲偟偰憐掕偟偨丅

(7)恘妏傪Production edge angle傪寁應偟偨丅(屼摪搰1982恾2)丅恘妏偼恘晹屄強偵墳偠偰堎側傞偺偱丄恘晹偺挿偄傕偺偵偮偄偰偼丄椉抂偲拞墰偺嶰屄強偺恘妏傪寁傝丄暯嬒抣傪弌偟偨丅恘晹抐柺偑榩嬋偟偰偄傞応崌偵偼丄僉儍儕僶乕丒儊僜僢僪傪梡偄偰寁應偟偨(屼摪搰1982恾3)丅

(8)傾丒僾儕僆儕側昡壙傪峴偭偨丅梊傔丄僠儍乕僩偲埨嶳娾偺攳曅傪梡堄偟�摨偠帪娫丄摨偠懳徾暔傪壛岺偟偰傕丄僟儊乕僕偺巆傝偐偨偼堘偭偰偔傞丅偙偺偙偲傪廫暘偵峫椂偟偰昡壙傪峴偭偨丅儅僀僋儘僼儗乕僉儞僌偺巆傝曽偵偮偄偰丄儗僾儕僇幚尡傪峴偄丄堚暔偲偺斾妑偵傛偭偰丄婡擻媦傃壛岺懳徾暔偺悇掕偑崱屻偺壽戣偱偁傞丅

(9)偙偺傛偆偵峫偊傞偲丄埨嶳娾偺応崌丄壨尨愇傪戝妱傝(primary flaking)偡傞偙偲側偔丄摯寠偵帩偪崬傫偱攳曅攳棧偑峴傢傟偨偲傕峫偊傜傟傞偑丄乽愇婍乿埲奜偺攳曅傗愇妀偺暘愅傪峴偭偰偄側偄尰嵼偱偼丄柧妋偵抐尵偡傞偙偲偼偱偒側偄丅偟偐偟丄傕偟傕埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍偑壨尨愇偺傑傑丄摯寠撪偵帩偪崬傑傟偰�尨釯柺傪嶍彍偡傞偙偲側偔丄攳曅攳棧偑峴傢傟偨偲偄偆壜擻惈偑偁傟偽丄偦偺棟桼傪暿偵峫偊傞昁梫偑偁傞丅尰嵼尵偊傞偙偲偼丄埨嶳娾惢攳曅愇婍傛傝傕丄枾側愇幙傪帩偪丄塻棙偱忎晇側恘晹偑摼傜傟傞僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍偺惢嶌偺曽偑丄傛傝乽娗棟乿偝傟偰偄偨壜擻惈偑偁傞偲偄偆偙偲偱偁傞丅

(10)擇師壛岺偲僟儊乕僕偺堘偄偼戝偒偝偱暘棧偟偨偑丄僋儗僗(Kress n.d.)偑峴偭偨僷儔儚儞搰偱偺幚尡偱偼丄嬫暿偑偮偐側偐偭偨偲弎傋偰偄傞丅崱屻偲傕幚尡傪峴偆昁梫偑偁傞丅

(11)搉曈恗(1977)偼丄堖丒怘丒廧側偳婎杮揑側昁梫傪傒偨偡偨傔偺摴嬶傪乽堦師揑摴嬶(primary tool)乿丄摴嬶傪嶌傞偨傔偺摴嬶傪乽擇師揑摴嬶(secondary tool)乿偲偵嬫暿偟偰偄傞丅Binford偺嬫暿偱偼丄慜幰偑乬extractive tool乭屻幰偑乬maintenance tool乭偵偁偨傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞(Binford and Binford 1966)丅

(12)僔儕僇僌儘僗偺晅拝偟偨攳曅愇婍偼丄僠儌乕儖搰(僀儞僪僱僔傾)偱丄僌儘乕僶乕偑挷嵏偟偨愇婍孮偵懡偔傒傜傟傞丅偙傟傜偼丄搚婍偲嫟敽偟偰弌搚偟偰偍傝丄扽壔暷傗栢妅埑嵀偼傒傜傟側偐偭偨偑丄僀僱偺姞庢傝梡偵巊梡偝傟偨傕偺偲夝庍偝傟偰偄傞(Glover 1971)丅

暥專栚榐

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